AP Test Review Part Five

1
AP Test Review Part Five

• 1914 - 1945

2
World War I (1914-1918)

• The war was sparked by the shooting of Austrian
  Archduke Franz Ferdinand, but the shooting was
  only a catalyst.
• All of the elements leading to war had been in
  place for most of the 20th century. The shooting
  just provided an immediate cause.

3
Underlying Causes of the War

• Imperialism Colonial rivalries between the major
  European powers created hatred and hostility that
  led to war.
• Militarism Europe had been experiencing an arms
  race ever since the unification of Germany.
• Major naval rivalries existed between Germany
  England, and army rivalries existed between
  France and Germany.

4
More Underlying Causes

• Nationalism This force brought about WWI in a
  variety of ways
• nationalism spawned the unification of Italy
  Germany and caused a major shift in the balance
  of power.
• Nationalism caused the great powers to pursue
  expansionist policies.
• Nationalism on the part of ethnic minorities in
  Austria led to revolts secret orgs.
• Russia pursued a policy of Pan-Slavism.

5
More Underlying Causes

• Alliance systems These led nations to take rash
  actions, knowing that their allies would come to
  their aid.
• Triple Alliance (formed 1882) Germany, Italy,
  and Austria-Hungary
• originally called the Three Emperors League
  (Germany, Russia, Austria), it ended when Russia
  withdrew, due to rivalries with Austria over the
  Balkan region.

6
More Alliances

• Two more important alliances played a part in
  WWI
• Triple Entente (1910) Russia, France, and
  England
• This alliance began as the Franco-Russian
  Alliance of 1894, and the dual entente of England
  and France in 1902.
• The Little Entente Russia, Poland, Romania, and
  Serbia

7
The Crises Leading to War

• Imperial rivalries, such as the Fashoda Affair
  between England France, and the Kruger Telegram
  between England Germany, existed in the 1890s.
  
• 1905 First Moroccan Crisis Germany tried to
  take over Tangiers (Morocco) and called an
  international conference (Algiciris) to settle
  its ownership. Germany was humiliated France
  kept Morocco.

8
More Crises

• 1908 Balkan Crisis (Bosnian Crisis)Both Austria
  Serbia wanted to expand in the Balkans. When
  Serbia protested the Austrian annexation of
  Bosnia, Russia sided with Serbia. Russia
  threatened to declare war, but Germany sided with
  Austria and Russia backed down.

9
More Crises

• 1911 Second Moroccan Crisis The Germans sent
  the gunboat, Panther, to Agadir (Morocco) to
  protest French occupation of the region.
• This caused England and France to join together
  to draw up war plans against the Germans.
• Germany withdrew after gaining a piece of the
  French Congo.

10
More Crises

• Balkan War of 1912 Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia
  joined together defeat Turkey.
• They divided up Turkish possessions in the
  Balkans.
• Balkan War of 1913 The territory that Bulgaria
  had taken in the previous year was taken from her
  by an alliance of Russia, Turkey, Serbia, and
  Greece.

11
The Assassination War

• June 28, 1914 Sarajevo The Austrian Archduke
  was assassinated by Gavrillo Princip, a Bosnian
  member of the Black Hand.
• Austrian Ultimatum Austria blamed Serbian
  nationalists for the shooting and demanded a free
  hand in their own investigation of the crime.

12
The Crisis Leads to War

• Serbias Reply Serbia accepted most of the
  ultimatum, but rejected parts that would destroy
  her sovereignty.
• German Actions On one hand, Germany offered
  Austria a blank check of support. On the other
  hand, the Kaiser tried to negotiate a settlement
  between Serbia Austria.
• July 28, 1914 Germany invaded Belgium and
  Austria declared war on Serbia.

13
War Begins

• Russia had been the 1st to mobilize, but Germany
  was the 1st to go to war.
• Germany swept through Belgium, causing England
  and France to declare war.
• Germany then declared war on Russia, who declared
  war on the central powers.

14
The War

• The central powers had better armies, but the
  allies had more men and resources.
• Germany used the Schlieffen plan to begin the
  war, but after the Battle of the Marne, the war
  turned into a long struggle with the advent of
  trench warfare. (remember Vauban)

15
The War in the East

• Russia initially held off the limited number of
  German troops on the eastern front, but when
  German strength increased and Austria and Turkey
  became involved, the war was a complete disaster
  for Russia.
• Russian losses were enormous and led to the
  collapse of the Russian govt by 1917.
• Treaty of Brest Litovsk 1917 Russia out of the
  war.

16
The War at Sea

• The war at sea was almost more important than the
  land aspect of the war.
• British naval strength was superior to that of
  the Germans, but German U-boats inflicted great
  damage and were one factor in the entrance of the
  US in the war.

17
The War Ends

• Despite temporary German victories, largely
  caused by the use of poison gas, the allied
  victory over Germany at the Battle of Verdun
  turned the tide of war.
• Eventually, British, French, Italian, and
  American armies, led by French Marshall Foch
  broke German lines and led to the armistice on
  Nov. 11, 1918.

18
Changes Created by the War

• New Weapons tanks, poison gas, subs, airplanes,
  machine guns, etc.
• Russian Revolution
• Recreated the map of Europe
• Brought about the mandate system in the middle
  east and led to nationalist revolts in the area
  following the war.
• 10 million dead, 20 million wounded, 150
  billion worth of property damage.

19
Changes in the Allied Nations

• Within the allied countries, the war brought
  great changes
• compulsory military training
• forced employment of men women in war-industry
  jobs
• restrictions on labor management for the war
  cause
• war planning, regulations, price controls,
  massive propaganda campaigns
• womens suffrage after the war

20
Versailles Conference

• 1919 Versailles conference Big 4 made all
  important decisions Lloyd George, Clemenceau,
  Orlando, and Wilson.
• Wilson tried to base a lasting peace on his 14
  points, but they were largely rejected as being
  too idealistic by European leaders.
• Wilson sacrificed most of his program to
  establish a league of nations.

21
The Treaty of Versailles

• League of Nations created (US didnt join)
• Alsace Lorraine restored to France
• French exploitation of the Saar valley for 15
  years
• Huge reparations to be paid by Germany
• Confiscation of German military supplies, and
  Germany allowed to have only a 100,000 man
  militia.

22
The Treaty of Versailles

• Demilitarization of the Rhineland
• War guilt clause blamed Germany for the war and
  justified reparations
• German and Turkish colonies taken over by the
  League of Nations who gave overseas colonies to
  the allies and created mandates in the middle
  east.
• Restoration of Belgium Poland
• Creation of Yugoslavia

23
Problems in Russia

• Although the czar had not followed through on his
  promises made after the revolution of 1905,
  dissatisfied parties in Russia tried to cooperate
  with the govt in the defense of Russia in 1914.
• After the armies began to lose, the czar fired
  competent generals and replaced them himself, at
  the front.
• opposition grew more discontented, as a result.

24
More Russian Problems

• As war losses mounted, food shortages at home led
  to rioting in Russian cities.
• On the front, Russian soldiers were finally
  limited to 2 bullets per day, and many mutinied.
• Rasputins influence on Czarina Alexandra further
  alienated the public, and soon, revolution was
  nearly inevitable.

25
The Revolution of March, 1917

• The March revolution began with a general strike
  in St. Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad).
• The strike was followed by a mutiny among the
  troops and the dissolving of the duma.
• The new govt that took over was known as the
  Provisional Govt it was run by Kerensky and
  Prince Lvov.

26
The Provisional Government

• On March 17, 1917, Czar Nicholas abdicated.
  Shortly afterward, the royal family was arrested.
• They were eventually executed by the Bolsheviks.
• The new govt declared full civil liberties for
  all Russians, freed Poland and Finland, and
  called for a constituent assembly to pass needed
  reforms.

27
Problems for the New Govt

• Russians wanted to get out of WWI, because they
  were losing so badly, and because supplies were
  so short on the homefront.
• Kerensky accepted a bribe and kept Russia in the
  war.
• Hunger was a problem all over Russia.
• Most Russians wanted land reform.
• The Prov. Govt did nothing to help the
  distressed population.

28
The Soviets

• Soviets were small workers councils which had
  been established following the revolution of
  1905.
• The Petrograd Soviet was under the control of
  Trotsky and was the most radical group calling
  for further action.
• The Soviets called for an immediate end to the
  war, for peace with Germany, and for the seizure
  of land by the peasants workers.

29
Lenin

• Lenin had been active in the Social Democratic
  Party (Marxists) since its inception in Russia.
• 1902 He wrote What is to be done? in which he
  laid out his plans for revolution.
• The same year, he took control of the more
  radical wing of the party, the Bolsheviks.

30
The Road to Revolution

• April 16, 1917 Germany ships Lenin back to
  Russia from his exile in Switzerland in a sealed
  rail car.
• Germany did this, believing that Lenin would sue
  for peace after leading the revolution in Russia.
• Lenins motto Peace, Land, Bread.
• This was exactly what the people wanted to hear.

31
The Road to Revolution

• Lenin called for the resignation of the
  provisional government and the transfer of power
  to the soviets, but this demand was premature.
• July, 1917 The provisional govt armed the
  Bolsheviks so they could help the govt fight off
  a military coup (The Kornilov Affair).
• These arms were later turned on the govt.

32
The October Revolution

• Nov. 6, 1917 Led by Lenin Trotsky, Bolshevik
  leaders, soldiers, and workers quickly took over
  Petrograd, stormed the winter palace, arrested
  the remaining members of the provisional
  government.
• Alexander Kerensky escaped and lived in exile.

33
The Revolution Continues

• Nov. 7, 1917 Lenin declares the revolution a
  success and renames the country the Union of
  Soviet Socialist Republics.
• Lenin head of state
• Trotsky foreign minister head of the red army
• Stalin commissar for national minorities

34
Soviet Russia 1917-1828

• Between 1917 and 1928, the new Bolshevik
  government established Soviet power in Russia and
  enacted Soviet policies.
• There are three major themes of this period in
  Soviet history
• Military internal problems
• Development of economic policies
• Power struggle between Stalin Trotsky

35
Internal Problems Begin

• The Bolsheviks expected worldwide revolution to
  follow their successful revolution in Russia and
  so they immediately began to prepare.
• In preparation, the Soviets nationalized and
  communized sugar, petroleum, and textile
  production and all mining, and by 1920, all
  industries employing more than 10 people were
  state-owned.
• The govt requisitioned all farm produce, and
  only govt officials cold buy sell goods.

36
Military Internal Problems

• March 3, 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk took
  Russia out of the war and ceded large amounts of
  territory to Germany.
• Russia gave up most of the area in the vicinity
  of the Ukraine and lost about 1/3 of its
  population.
• Civil War was raging between the Reds
  (bolsheviks) and the Whites (everyone who opposed
  the reds).
• By 1921, the reds won the civil war.

37
Economic Problems

• Though the whites were put down, the Soviet
  internal situation remained critical in 1921,
  with the economy being below pre-war levels.
• The anarchists and peasants began to revolt in
  the countryside in an attempt to do something
  about the starvation suffering of the masses.

38
The New Economic Policy (NEP)

• This was Lenins stop-gap measure to retain
  control and provide temporary relief.
• Under the NEP, peasants were allowed to keep part
  of their produce, which they were allowed to sell
  for cash profit on newly-recreated local markets.
• The govt kept control of heavy industry
  internatl trade, but light manufacturing and
  internal trade was returned to private hands.

39
NEP, continued

• The Kulaks and other entrepreneurs made large
  profits by taking advantage of this
  liberalization.
• As a result, some bolsheviks, such as Trotsky,
  wanted to kill them
• Some other people wanted to extend the NEP to
  include even more private business
• Lenin believed both groups were wrong, and that
  the NEP was necessary until a full communist
  society could be realized in the future.

40
The Power Struggle Stalin vs. Trotsky

• Lenin had a series of strokes between 1922
  1924. He finally died in 1924.
• Trotsky Stalin both wanted to be Lenins
  successor.
• Trotsky was a theorist who had organized the red
  army and the Petrograd Soviet.
• Stalin was an activist who had been instrumental
  in forcing the minority republics to unite into
  the USSR. He also had control of the machinery
  of govt.

41
Stalin vs. Trotsky

• Trotsky wanted to promote world revolution ASAP,
  while Stalin was willing to wait instead
  concentrate on rebuilding the USSR, 1st.
• When Trotsky publicly criticized Stalins foreign
  policy in 1927, Stalin had him exiled to Siberia.
• Trotsky eventually escaped to the west was
  assassinated by Stalins men in 1941.

42
Lenins Testament

• In his will, Lenin stated that Stalin was too
  power-hungry and too brutal and uncouth to become
  his successor.
• Lenin believed Trotsky should be the next head of
  the USSR.
• Stalin, however, gained full control of the USSR,
  after the exile of Trotsky.

43
Stalinist Russia

• With Stalins rise to power, the NEP was ended.
• Stalin was typified by the following
• Purges to insure personal loyalty to Stalin
  his communist system.
• Collectivization of Agriculture and Industry
• Identification of the State the Communist
  Party all in his own person.
• Five Year Plans to meet emergency needs for
  industrialization and mechanization.

44
Five Year Plans

• Emergency programs to industrialize the USSR so
  it could protect itself compete with the West.
• Heavy industry, steel mills, electrical power,
  cement, railroads, tractor building.
• The bureaucracy necessary to carry out the plans
  became a highly paid class of communist party
  members.

45
Purges (1934-1938)

• From 1934-1938, Stalin directed a series of
  wholesale purges consisting of trumped-up or
  false accusations, mock trials, and then suicide
  or execution.
• He did away with most of the old Bolshevik
  leaders and others who could challenge his power.
• He tried to eliminate the kulaks.
• Stalins cult of personality He eliminated
  people not personally loyal.

46
1936 Constitution

• Although the constitution called for universal
  suffrage and appeared to be very liberal, it
  actually was circumvented by the fact that the
  party and the govt were controlled by the same
  few persons.
• For example, even though the nation had a
  premier, in practice, the premier was always the
  comm. party secretary.

47
Soviet Foreign Policy

• Initially,Stalin favored Socialism in one
  State. (building it in the USSR, 1st, and then
  later exporting the revolution).
• During the late 1930s, Stalin favored the
  Popular Front strategy of trying to stop fascism
  before Hitler could get any more power in his
  hands.
• Finally, after WWII, Stalin began to actively
  seek to spread Communism in to other parts of
  the world.

48
Totalitarianism

• Leftist Communism
• Right wing Fascism
• While Communism had become the dominant style of
  dictatorship in the USSR, Fascism appealed to
  radicals in Italy Germany.

49
Italy

• After switching sides to end the war fighting
  with the allies in WWI, Italy was disappointed in
  the lack of territorial gain she achieved at
  Versailles.
• The Italian economy was in shambles after WWI,
  and unemployment was high.
• Italian political parties were unable to gain a
  majority and so very little reform was happening.

50
The Rise of Mussolini

• Following the war, the king, Victor Emmanuel III
  was a figurehead with virtually no power.
• Mussolini, originally a socialist, organized the
  1st fasces group in 1919.
• He had few followers, at 1st, but due to the bad
  conditions, people began to listen to his ideas.

51
Mussolini, continued

• In 1920, he founded a para-military group called
  the Black Shirts which consisted of ex-soldiers,
  shopkeepers, workers, and intellectuals.
• He used the Black Shirts in a campaign of terror
  to promote fascist ideas.
• His numbers grew from 30,000 in 1920 to 300,000
  in 1922.

52
Fascism

• What is fascism?
• Fascism is a political philosophy which is
  anti-democratic, anti-communist, and
  anti-liberal.
• Fascism uses terror, dictatorial practices, and
  any available means to force compliance with
  fascist demands.
• Fascists are often confused with communists, but
  even though they use similar tactics to keep
  control, their beliefs are diametrically opposed.

53
Italy

• 1921 Fascists were for the 1st time elected to
  the parliament.
• Oct. 1922 March on Rome Mussolinis Blackshirts
  and thousands of discontented Italians marched on
  Rome demanding a new government.
• The king yielded and gave Mussolini
  constitutional authority to form a new
  government, thus giving the fascists political
  power.

54
Italian Fascism

• Soon after taking power, constitutionally,
  Mussolini created a fascist dictatorship.
• He created a fascist militia (out of the
  Blackshirts)
• He made the army swear personal allegiance to him
• He passed emergency power decrees
• He revised the electoral system to assure him
  absolute control.

55
Italian Fascism, continued

• By 1924, Mussolini terrorized his opposition out
  of existence.
• Political opponents who voiced resentment were
  found dead.
• By 1926, Mussolini ruled entirely by decree and
  the only legal political party was the fascist
  party.
• Dictatorship was secure in the person of
  Mussolini his Grand Council of Fascists.

56
Fascist Beliefs Actions

• Mussolini controlled the economy by a planning
  system (syndicalism) and by creating what he
  called the corporate state.
• The state represented labor in negotiations, in
  industrial planning, expansion, etc.
• Both capital labor were controlled by the
  fascists from local units throughout the whole
  state.
• Supposedly, the state represented the collective
  will of all of its citizens.

57
More Fascist Policies

• The chief economic and social problems remained
  unsolved by the Fascists.
• Mussolini believed in the inviolability of
  private property and thus received support from
  land and factory owners.
• In foreign policy, Mussolini aligned himself with
  Hitler in the Rome-Berlin Axis.

58
The Lateran Accords

• Mussolini neutralized the Catholic Church with
  this agreement of 1929.
• Mussolini granted independent status to the
  Vatican in exchange for promises of
  non-interference from the church in all
  political, social, economic, and military
  spheres.
• As a result, Mussolini gained complete control of
  the Italian educational system.

59
Foreign Policy

• Mussolini sent his fascist troops to intervene in
  the Spanish Civil War to help Franco take over
  Spain.
• Mussolinis troops also took over the nation of
  Albania.
• Mussolini, hoping to take over more territory and
  avenge the 1896 defeat at Adowa, invaded Ethiopia
  and quickly took it over.

60
Germany After WWI

• Nov. 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm was ousted and the
  Weimar Republic was created.
• Nov. 11, 1918 Germany surrendered, ending WWI.
• Since the Weimar Republic signed the Treaty of
  Versailles, it was blamed for the territorial
  losses and the reparations, and ruled only with
  the support of the military.

61
The Weimar Republic

• Dominated by the Social Democrats
• Ebert was the 1st President
• democratic Constitution included
• President
• Reichstag (universal suffrage, proportional
  representation--led to govt by coalition)
• Chancellor Cabinet (responsible to the
  President)
• Chancellor could rule by emergency decree

62
Political Crisis in the Weimar Republic

• Opposition came from the far left
  (Communists/Sparticists) and the far right
  (Fascists).
• Sparticist Uprising Jan. 1919 led by Rosa
  Luxemberg and Karl Liebknecht. Put down by the
  Freikorps (a right-wing army group)
• Kapp Putsch March 1920 the far right, mostly
  monarchists, staged a coup, but it failed due to
  a general strike in Berlin.

63
More Problems in Germany

• Right-wing radicals rebelled, mostly by secret
  terrorist means, killing off many moderate
  political leaders.
• Germany faced horrible inflation and economic
  crisis after the French occupied the Ruhr in Jan.
  1923, in response to the Germans defaulting on
  their reparation payments.
• Coalition govts failed, one after the other in
  Germany in the early 1920s.

64
Weimar in Transition

• Stab-in-the-back theory Ludendorff claimed that
  the govt had surrendered even though the army
  could have won.
• This untrue theory made people dissatisfied with
  the government, because they believed Ludendorff.
• Treaty of Rapallo 1922 secret treaty in which
  the USSR allowed Germany to have an army in the
  USSR in return for the Germans training the Red
  Army.

65
More Problems

• 1923 Munich Beer Hall Putsch Hitler
  Ludendorff led a coup in a Munich Beer Hall and
  were arrested imprisoned.
• While in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf and began
  to plan how he would later take over Germany, so
  as to not fail, as he did in 1923.

66
The Stresemann Years

• Under Stresemann, the Weimar government achieved
  some degree of solvency and stability.
• The Locarno Pacts These agreements were signed
  by most of the European nations, but the USSR was
  not invited to participate.
• Allowed Germany to join the League of Nations
• Guaranteed Western, but not E. borders.

67
The Rise of Hitler

• Although it seemed that Hitlers chances of
  gaining power were slim in the 1920s, the great
  depression changed the political climate of
  Germany and caused people to have a reason to
  listen to his promises.
• The Nazi party promised to regain German
  greatness, provide prosperity, and rise above the
  disgrace of Versailles.

68
Hitlers Rise, continued

• Hitler formed the SA (Stormtroopers) and offered
  a meal and a shirt to any man who would join the
  Nazi cause.
• This attracted unemployed men of all classes,
  especially unemployed veterans.
• 1930 Reichstag Election The Nazi party began to
  gain a significant of seats, but did not get a
  majority.

69
Hitlers Rise, continued

• As the depression grew worse and the radicals on
  both ends of the spectrum grew more active,
  President Hindenberg was helpless to deal with
  the situation.
• Cabinets under Bruning,von Papen, and Schleicher
  failed to deal with the growing power of the
  Nazis, and Hitler used this chance to become
  chancellor.

70
Hitlers Rise, continued

• The Nazis began to march in large rallies and
  began to exercise public terror campaigns.
• The conservatives and industrialists thought
  Hitler was a better alternative than a communist
  and cautiously supported his rise.
• The lower middle classes supported him because he
  offered a way out of the depression.

71
Hitler Becomes Chancellor

• Election of 1932
• Hindenberg won the Presidency, but Hitler had a
  lot of support.
• The Nazi party gained more seats in the
  Reichstag, but still did not have a majority.
• Jan. 30, 1933 Hindenberg appointed Hitler
  Chancellor in a coalition cabinet.
• Hitler immediately began to consolidate his power.

72
Hitlers Consolidation of Power

• Feb. 1933 Hitler arranged for a Dutchman to burn
  the Reichstag building.
• The fire was blamed on the communists and was
  used as justification for kicking all of the
  communists out of the government.
• Eventually, Germany became a one-party state.

73
Consolidation, continued

• After the Reichstag fire, Hitler invoked the
  emergency clause of the constitution and ruled by
  decree.
• After this, the rest of Hitlers powers were
  taken by seizure, terror, and dictatorship.
• Hitler purged Roehm and other SA leaders in the
  Night of the Long Knives, thus ensuring his
  control of the Nazi party.

74
Hitlers Bureaucracy

• Ministry of Propaganda led by Goebbels to spread
  Nazi doctrines
• Goering Hitler hired him to build up a military
  air force.
• Rosenberg hired by Hitler to further expand his
  anti-Semitic and Aryan supremacy theories.
• Hess Hitlers Chief Secretary who helped carry
  out Nazi policies

75
Hitlers Policies

• 1934 Hindenberg died Hitler became President.
  Later he took on the title Fuehrer.
• Gestapo (secret police) established
• Hitler pulled Germany out of the League of
  Nations and began to ignore international law.
• The Nuremberg Laws marked the beginning of
  Hitlers attempt to enforce his anti-Semitic
  policies.

76
Hitlers Policies, continued

• Hitler began to build up all branches of the
  military and instituted 4 year plans to step up
  production and building of war materials, food,
  and the Autobahn.
• To further promote his plans, Hitler instituted
  forced labor conscription, the abolition of
  unions, and the Nazi Youth.
• Churches were persecuted by extremist Nazis and
  clergy often went along with Nazi teaching out of
  fear of reprisals.

77
Hitlers Policies, continued

• Constitutional Dictatorship under the Fuehrer
  regional politics governed by local party
  organizations (Gaue).
• Administrative All non-Aryans barred from office
• Political one-party state all affairs handled
  by the Nazi bureaucracy (called coordination or
  gleichschaltung).

78
More Policies

• Judicial The state Nazi ideals were placed
  above traditional judicial precedents punishment
  arrest, as well as court procedures, were
  barbarized.
• Racial believed in the supremacy of the Aryan
  race persecution and extermination of Jews,
  gypsies, and other non-Aryans. Culminated in the
  killing of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.

79
More Policies

• Religious Protestant Catholic churches
  persecuted when they spoke out against Nazi
  theories Hitler tried to substitute Nazi party
  events youth groups for religious gatherings.
• Military build up of the military universal
  military service required govt funded research
  to develop new weapons highly disciplined army.

80
More Policies

• Cultural The Kulturkampf was Hitlers struggle
  for domination of every aspect of thought
  action by the Nazi ideals.
• Controlled art, music, drama, etc.--usually of
  low quality used for propaganda.
• Supported writers and musicians who expressed the
  greatness of the Germanic peoples (ex. Wagner)
• Glorified the image of the Nazi mother who
  stayed at home and took care of her family.

81
More Policies

• Economic
• All labor unions were outlawed.
• The Nazi Labor Front organized labor and served
  the interests of the Nazi party
• All unemployment ended by labor military
  conscription
• Attempted to make Germany self-sufficient through
  the 4 year plans.

82
Hitlers Foreign Policy

• Hitler wanted to control Europe and followed the
  policy of Lebensraum which was originally set out
  in Mein Kampf.
• Lebensraum means living space and referred to
  Hitlers attempts to expand eastward to create
  more living space for the German Aryans while
  eliminating the Slavs, who Hitler believed to be
  very inferior.
• Hitlers foreign policy led to WWII.

83
The Spanish Civil War

• Spanish Republic 1931-36 very unstable.
• The republic was not supported by the Catholic
  church, the army, the conservative landowners,
  nor the leftist anarchists.
• 1936 the Rightist Falange, led by General
  Franco, began a military coup to seize the govt.
• Franco was aided by Hitler Mussolini.
• This war was a dress-rehearsal for WWII.

84
The Spanish Civil War, cont.

• The democratic nations of Europe did nothing.
  (appeasement)
• The USSR tried to lead a Popular Front effort
  against the fascists and wanted to stop them
  before they got any stronger.
• Eventually, the republic fell to Franco, assuring
  that Spain would not stand in the way of Fascist
  actions in WWII.

85
Mid-war England

• England was one of the joyless victors of WWI
  and faced a wide variety of problems between the
  wars.
• These problems included economic crises,
  political instability, disputes over the future
  of Ireland, and colonial difficulties.

86
Economic Problems in England

• Had a difficult time making the transition from a
  war economy to a peace-time one.
• 1920s high unemployment inflation
• Hurt badly by the Am. Stock market crash the
  resulting great depression
• Tariff barriers all over the world created
  problems for British trade, as did new rivals for
  markets.
• To solve these problems, Br. adopted unemployment
  insurance, and old-age pensions.

87
British Political Developments

• 1919-1923 Conservative cabinet with strong labor
  opposition.
• 1923 Liberals Labor unite to form a cabinet
  under Mac Donald, pushing the conservatives out
  of office.
• 1924 Conservatives return, due to poor policies
  on the part of the labor party.
• Conservatives did try to intervene industry with
  subsidies, securing wages, attempts to control
  labor.

88
Political Instability

• 1928 Trades Disputes Act gave more rights to
  owners in labor disputes
• 1929 Conservatives ousted, but the labor party
  was then faced with the onset of the great
  depression.
• Mac Donald, Baldwin, and Chamberlain each had to
  deal with the rising fascist tide, economic
  crises, and the need for rearmament.

89
The Problem of Ireland

• 1914 Government of Ireland Bill (to allow home
  rule) suspended by WWI
• Hatred between Ulster (N, Protestant,
  Pro-British) and the rest of Ireland (Catholic
  pro-independence) grew intense during the war.
• Sinn Fein became more active actively
  revolutionary (1916 Easter Rebellion), but
  England crushed the Irish Patriots.

90
Ireland, continued

• Throughout the war, Irish terrorism was a
  problem, and Germany subtly helped the Irish.
• 1921 Irish Free State created with its own
  parliament and with allegiance to the British
  king and government.
• N. Irish guaranteed their choice of govt, as
  well.
• Ireland totally broke away from England in the
  1930s under De Valera. the N. stayed with
  England.

91
British Mandates/Protectorates

• Egypt gained its independence from Britain in
  1922, but Britain still dominated Egyptian
  economics, because it controlled the Suez Canal
  until its nationalization in 1956.
• Iraq Britain was given Mesopotamia after WWI
  as a protectorate, but Iraq gained its
  independence in 1921.
• Britain dominated Iraqi oil fields until the
  1950s.

92
Palestine

• During the war, the British promised this area to
  the Arabs in the McMahon Pledge, and to the Jews
  in the Balfour Declaration.
• This was the legal basis for the conflict over
  the Palestinian/Israeli territory which still
  exists, today.
• Jordan was created as an independent state in
  1928, as was Saudi Arabia.

93
British Dominions

• The British Dominions of Canada, Australia, New
  Zealand, and South Africa had all fought with
  Britain during WWI.
• 1931 The Statute of Westminster
• gave the dominions commonwealth status, meaning
  that they were free, but had the advantages of
  free trade economic preference with Britain.
• They still recognized the Br. Monarchy were
  dependent upon Br for protection leadership.

94
Midwar France

• France lost more property, wealth, and population
  than any other nation in WWI.
• After the war, they had a wide variety of
  economic, political, and international problems
  caused by the war.

95
French Economic Problems

• France hoped to pay for the rebuilding of their
  destroyed lands cities with German reparations,
  but it was obvious by the mid-1920s that Germany
  could not pay.
• 1923 France retaliated against the German
  default by invading the Ruhr (a German industrial
  area).
• This invasion destroyed the German economy also
  hurt France.

96
French Economic Problems

• 1924 Dawes Plan
• reduced the German reparation payments, making
  them dependent upon the German GNP
• France was required to leave the Ruhr.
• 1929 Young Plan
• Eased German payments even more, after the
  depression began to set in.
• 1932 Hoover Moratorium
• Suspended reparations payments (became permanent)

97
More Problems

• These plans all caused great resentment, because
  France was deprived of the it needed to
  rebuild.
• Germany appeared to be getting off easy, not
  having to pay for the damages she caused.
• When the great depression hit in France, it was
  extremely severe, because the French economic
  base was so weak.

98
French Foreign Policy

• French foreign policy was dominated by the search
  for security, between the wars.
• President Poincare did the following to secure
  France from German attack
• Secret pact with Belgium 1920
• Secret pact with Poland 1921
• Secret pacts with Czech, Yugoslavia, and
  Romania 1921-27.

99
French Foreign Policy

• Maginot Line built under Poincares
  administration on the French-German border to
  protect from German invasion.
• Failure because it did not cover the Belgian
  border, and because all the guns were fixed
  facing Germany.
• President Briand signed the Locarno Pacts which
  secured the Fr-Ger borders (1925) the
  Kellogg-Briand Pact which outlawed war (1928)

100
French Political Problems

• Unstable government (Political Turnstile) with
  continually changing ruling party/President.
• Many political scandals (ex. Stravinsky affair
  1933) discredited the govt.
• Many radical parties began to grow in the face of
  political and economic crisis.
• Major disagreement over whether to appease Hitler
  or join the Popular Front with the USSR.

101
Political Problems

• Leon Blum French socialist who promoted a
  popular front government.
• Wanted to intervene in the Spanish civil war but
  had no support to do so.
• Wanted to nationalize some French industries
  businesses but this was unpopular among the
  middle upper classes.
• Fell to Daladiers govt due to his inability to
  deal with political economic problems (Better
  Hitler than Blum)

102
THE ROAD TO WWII

• Many factors during the mid-war years led to war.
  These included
• Economic Rivalry high protective tariffs cut
  down on free trade (esp. hurt nations w/o
  colonial markets), great depression hurt markets,
  resurgence of economic nationalism.

103
More Problems

• Failure of the League of Nations
• Didnt have the power to enforce its decisions
  and was powerless to prevent war.
• Economic sanctions could be imposed by the
  League, but it could only recommend that member
  nations abide by these.
• Member nations only abided by League decisions if
  they furthered their own interests
• US did not join the League of Nations..

104
The League of Nations

• The LON was discredited by its failure in the
  following places
• 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria (LON did
  nothing to prevent Japans action)
• 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia The LON
  applied economic sanctions but member nations
  refused to abide by them.
• 1935 German rearmament Ignored by the LON
• 1936 German militarization of the Rhineland the
  allies protested, but the LON did nothing.

105
The Failure of Versailles

• Many historians believe that German resentment of
  Versailles helped start WWII.
• Many Germans believed
• The war guilt clause was unfair
• It was unfair that terms were dictated to them
  without any negotiation
• The treaty was primarily responsible for their
  economic distress
• The treaty prevented them from having adequate
  protection from neighbors.

106
Hitlers Road to War

• 1935 German rearmament
• 1936 German occupation of the Rhineland
• 1938 Austrian anschluss (Germany took over
  Austria with the help of Dollfuss).
• 1936-39 German Italian participation in the
  Spanish Civil War.

107
More Steps Toward War

• March 1938 Munich Conference Hitler was given
  the Sudetenland in return for a promise that he
  would not annex the rest of Czechoslovakia.
• Hitler threatened to declare war if he didnt get
  the Sudetenland
• Sept. 1938 Hitler invaded Prague annexed the
  rest of Czechoslovakia.
• The allies responded by agreeing to protect
  Poland, Romania, Greece.

108
War

• August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 10
  year non-aggression pact between the USSR
  Hitler which secretly split Poland between the
  two nations and gave the Baltic states to the
  USSR (Cleared the way for Hitlers invasion of
  Poland).
• Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland, quickly
  conquering it.
• In response, the allies declared war.

109
WWII

• Very little happened in the fall of 1939.
• Winter War 1940 USSR vs. Finland
• US still remained neutral, but began to follow
  cash carry policies for allies.
• June 1940 France fell to the Nazis Vichy France
  created under Marshall Petain.
• US started Lend-Lease
• Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor bombed
• US enters WWII

110
WWII

• By early 1942, both Japanese German conquests
  were astounding it appeared that the axis
  powers might win the war.
• Allied powers, esp. with the help of the US, had
  greater resources eventually wore down the
  axis.
• By 1943, 47 nations were fighting against the
  axis powers.

111
The Russian Front

• June 1941 Germany invaded the USSR and headed
  for Moscow.
• This action was eventually halted due to the
  terrible winter conditions and the scorched earth
  policy of the Russians.
• June 1942 German offensive aimed at capturing S.
  Russia.
• Very successful, at first.
• Finally stopped at the Battle of Stalingrad

112
The Battle of Stalingrad

• The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in
  the Eastern front of the war.
• After this battle, the Russians were on the
  offensive and never lost another major battle to
  the Germans.
• Russia captured over 300,000 German soldiers who
  became Russian prisoners of war.
• The Russians entered Berlin in April, 1945.

113
The Mediterranean Front

• After Italian armies in N. Africa were defeated
  by the British, Germany greatly strengthened its
  Afrika Korps which was led by General Rommel.
• Rommel was the desert fox
• June 1942 German troops tried to capture the
  Suez Canal.
• After losing many battles, the British finally
  defeated Rommel at the Battle of El Alamein and
  saved the Suez Canal.

114
North Africa

• General Montgomery (Br) counter-attacked in Oct
  1942 and forced the axis troops to retreat
  westward toward French Africa.
• American forces under Eisenhower landed in French
  N. Africa in Nov. 1942 and the two armies trapped
  the axis powers, forcing a surrender in May, 1943.

115
Italy

• July 1943 Allied armies under Eisenhowers
  command invaded Sicily and won it, despite
  determined German resistance.
• The fall of Sicily resulted in Mussolinis fall
  in Italy, but he was reestablished by Hitler in
  N. Italy.
• As soon as Sicily was secured, the allies invaded
  S. Italy and Italy surrendered.

116
Italy, continued

• Despite the surrender of Italy, fighting was
  brutal and progress was slow for the allies,
  because German troops in Italy fought to the
  death.
• The Battle of Anzio was a major turning point in
  the Italian campaign, and with Anzios fall, Rome
  soon was in allied hands. (June, 1944)
• Mussolini was executed by the Italian population.

117
The Sea War

• The allies relied on resources from the US, but
  military other supplies were in danger of never
  reaching Europe since travel at sea was imperiled
  by German subs.
• Allied innovations, such as radar, traveling in
  convoys, and the use of anti-submarine planes cut
  down on the numbers of allied ships sunk.

118
The Air War

• Britain was subject to continuous bombings early
  in the war (Battle of Britain--1940), but Germany
  suffered great destruction after 1942 when allied
  bombing of Germany increased.
• Allied targets in Germany were usually factories,
  railroads, military naval bases.
• Allies also targeted major German cities.

119
D-Day

• June 6, 1944 D-Day
• a huge allied army under the command of General
  Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy and
  established a beachhead.
• Throughout the following months, the Germans were
  gradually pushed east and France began to be
  liberated.
• Spring 1945 the allies crossed the Siegfried
  Line entered the Rhineland.

120
VE-Day

• May 8, 1945 Victory Europe Day
• The allied armies were advancing from the western
  front and the Russian armies had entered Berlin.
• Germany surrendered unconditionally, after Hitler
  committed suicide in his bunker.
• Allied governments around the world celebrated
  the victory.

121
War in the Pacific

• June 1942 Battle of Midway Japanese fleet
  suffered a major loss to the US.
• August 1942 US took the offensive began the
  strategy of island hopping.
• Fall 1944 under the command of General
  MacArthur, the US invaded the Philippines
  routed the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Leyte
  Gulf.

122
US Victory in the Pacific

• By late 1944, the US secured both control of the
  air and of the sea.
• Battle of Okinawa After its seizure, Okinawa was
  used to bomb the home islands of Japan.
• The dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima
  Nagasaki brought the surrender of Japan on August
  14, 1945.
• VJ Day (Victory Japan Day)

123
The Atlantic Charter

• Atlantic Charter August 1940
• FDR Churchill met in the Atlantic and issued a
  statement by which peace would eventually be
  established.
• It called for self-determination of liberated
  areas after the war
• It stated that neither the US nor Britain were
  interested in territorial gain, as a result of
  the war.

124
The Teheran Conference

• The Teheran Conference Dec. 1943
• The Big Three FDR, Churchill, Stalin met to
  coordinate war plans in Europe.
• The W. allies agreed to open a 2nd front in
  Europe, but did not do so until June, 1944.
• This caused great animosity on the part of Stalin
  who was valiantly fighting off the Germans in the
  Southern USSR.

125
The Yalta Conference

• Yalta Conference Feb. 1945
• Big three Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
• Final decisions were made by the Allies
  concerning the impending defeat of Germany.
• Agreed to allow the USSR to liberate Berlin.
• Agreed on the division of Germany after the war.
• Agreed that liberated areas would be allowed to
  hold free elections to choose a new govt after
  the war.
• Agreed to hold the post-war Nuremberg trials.

126
The Potsdam Conference

• Potsdam Conference July-August 1945
• Big Three Stalin, Truman, Churchill/Atlee
• Agreed to carry out the Yalta provisions
• Agreed to the actual terms of the division of
  Germany
• Agreed to adjust the borders of Germany Poland
  to the USSRs favor
• Agreed to de-Nazify demilitarize Germany
• Agreed to reparations
• The USSR agreed to enter the Pacific war.