World War II

1
World War II

• Aggression and Appeasement

2
Overview

• 1930s Dissatisfaction with Treaty of Versailles
• Germany, Italy, and Japan
• England, France, and United States saw no reason
  to change it, but unwilling to uphold or enforce
  it
• Hitler and lebensraum
• Aryan race a term made up to mean German people
• France
• The Maginot Line
• Politically mixed (also Britain and U.S. but to
  lesser degree)
• U.S. isolationism
• Congress forbid loans, export of weapons and use
  of American ships to any nation in recognized
  war
• USSR
• Resentful
• Goal of international revolution
• 1934 joined the League of Nations urged
  communists to work with socialists to defeat
  Fascism
• 1935 signed pact with France and Czechoslovakia
• Most nations remained afraid of Communism

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Manchuria
4
Manchuria

•    The Nationalist government of China led
• by Chiang Kai-shek was weak, corrupt
• and busy fighting the Communists.
•    Because of the Great Depression, Japan
• wanted to build an empire to secure
• supplies of raw materials.
•    The Japanese government was controlled by the
  
• army
•    China ruled Manchuria, but the Japanese army
• ran the railway there, and ruled in Korea.

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Manchuria
6
Manchuria

•    Sept 1931 There was some vandalism on the
• Manchurian railway Japan claimed the
  Chinese
• had sabotaged the railway.  
•    They invaded Manchuria and set up the
• 'independent' (i.e. Japanese-controlled)
  state of
• Manchukuo under the former Emperor of China,
  
• Henry P'ui.  
•    China appealed to the League.

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Manchuria

•    Dec 1931 the League appointed a commission
• led by Lord Lytton to investigate.  
•    He did not go to Manchuria until April 1932
• and did not report until October.
•    Oct 1932 Lytton's report stated that Japan
  was
• the aggressor and should leave.
•    24 Feb 1933 The Assembly voted that Japan
• should leave Manchuria
•   Japan walked out of the meeting.

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Manchuria

•    Japan stayed in Manchuria.  
•    The League could not agree economic sanctions
  
• or an arms sales ban.
•    In 1933 Japan resigned from the League, and
• invaded/ conquered Jehol (next to
  Manchuria).

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Manchuria

• A SPECTACULAR failure
• 1. The Japanese continued to expand
•      they kept Manchuria
• they invaded Jehol in 1933 and China
  in 1937.

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Manchuria

• A SPECTACULAR failure
• 2.  The League was discredited/ Manchuria showed
•      It was slow (the Lytton Report took
  almost a year)
•      A country could get its own way if
  it ignored it
•      Collective security' was useless
  against big
• countries - especially during the
  Great Depression.
•      Even the great powers within the
  League (Japan
• was on the Council) were happy to
  ignore it.

11
Abyssinia

•    Because of the Great Depression, Italy wanted
  to
• build an empire to secure raw materials.   
•    Mussolini was a fascist, and wanted to revive
  the
• glories of Rome   
•    France and Britain needed Mussolinis support
  
• against Hitler (Stresa Pact 1935)

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Abyssinia
13
Abyssinia

•    The border between Abyssinia and Italian
• Somaliland was uncertain and disputed - in
  Dec
• 1934 there was a small skirmish at Wal-Wal.
•    Mussolini demanded an apology and threatened
• to invade.
•    There was great anger in Britain Hoare (the
• foreign minister) made a strong speech
• supporting sanctions and collective security.

14
Abyssinia

•    Feb 1935 The League set up a commission,
• which reported in Sept.  It suggested giving
  part
• of Abyssinia to Italy.   
•    Oct 1935 Mussolini rejected the plan and
• invaded Abyssinia.   He used tanks and
  flame-
• throwers and attacked red Cross hospitals.
•    The League banned weapons sales, and put
• sanctions on rubber and metal (this hurt
• Abyssinia more than Italy).  
•    It did NOT close the Suez Canal or ban oil
  sales,
• which would have stopped the Italian
  invasion.

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Abyssinia

•    Dec 1935 Hoare-Laval Pact, a secret plan by
• Britain and France to give Abyssinia to
  Italy.  
•    Britain and France asked that sanctions be
  lifted
• - only Abyssinia voted against.
•    March 1936 Hitler marched into the
  Rhineland
• everyone forgot about Abyssinia.
•    May 1936 Mussolini conquered Abyssinia.
•    June 1936 Haile Selassie went to the League
  to
• ask it to reconsider its 'terrible
  precedent' of
• giving way to force.   He was ignored.

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Abyssinia

• A SPECTACULAR failure
• 1. The Fascists continued to expand
•      Mussolini kept Abyssinia
• Hitler began to expand in Europe.
• Fascists took power in Spain
• Britain and France abandoned the
  League as a way
• of keeping the peace - started to
  appease Hitler.

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Abyssinia

• A SPECTACULAR failure
• 2.  The League was a useless fraud (AJP
  Taylor)
•      It was slow (the Report took 8
  months).
•      A country could get its own way if
  it ignored it.
•      Collective security' was useless
  against big
• countries - especially during the
  Great Depression.
•      Even the great powers within the
  League were
• happy to ignore it (Japan was on
  the Council).
•      Even Britain and France would betray
  the League.
•      Nine countries left 1936-1939.

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German Expansion

• 1933 withdrew from the League of Nations
• 1934 signed a nonaggression pact with Poland
• 1934 assassinated leader of Austria, Engelbert
  Dollfuss
• Hitler demanded that Austria form a union with
  Germany
• Western nations gave verbal warning
• Italy sent troops to Austrian border

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German Expansion

• 1935
• expansion of German army half million troops
• Violation of Treaty of Versailles
• Signed naval agreement with Britain
• Germany would have 35 ships to every 100 English
  ships
• 1936
• Invaded the Rhineland
• Demilitarized territory
• British and French did not react
• England began to modernize military Germany
  spent huge amounts on rearmament

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Italy Expands

• 1935
• Used discontent over the Treaty for propaganda
  purposes
• High imports
• Increased hydroelectric production and auto
  manufacturing
• Invaded Ethiopia
• Ethiopia pleaded with League for help
• League set up sanctions on armaments and raw
  materials, but oil was till allowed
• Meddled in Albania across the Adriatic

22
The League of Nations

• Europe
• Spanish Civil War
• Mussolini signed agreement with Hitler forming an
  axis
• Copies Nazi military
• Began campaign against Jews
• British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain
• Called Nazism a great social experiment
• 1938 Hitler annexed Austria
• Anschulssunification of Germany and Austria,
  forbidden in Treaty of Versailles
• League protested

23
The League of Nations

• Japanese invasion of China
• Military regime
• Defeated Russia in 1905
• Covertly advanced into China during WWI
• Early 1930s openly seized Manchuria
• Left League of Nations
• Signed friendship treaty with Germany
  anti-Communist agreement
• Built up navy, including aircraft carriers
• 1937 open invasion of China
• League did not reprimand U.S. did not end
  support
• Sent supplies to China
• Rape of Nanjing

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After Munich

• March 1939 Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia
• Next, Memmel, Lithuania Danzig and the Polish
  Corridor
• Italy took over Albania Somalia became a
  military base introduced mustard gas, and public
  hangings in Libya
• British and French instituted a military draft
• England turned out fighter planes
• German and Soviet Union Nonaggression Pact
• Germany invades Poland September 1, 1939

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The Phony War

• Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
• France and Britain declared war on Germany
• Did not fight for eight months
• Soviets occupied territory in eastern Poland,
  Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland
• League of Nations expelled USSR
• Britain and France sent aid to Finland
• Winter of 1939-40 remained quiet
• April 1940 Germany attacked Norway and Denmark
• May invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, and
  Luxemburg

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Surrender of France

• The evacuation of Dunkirk
• Carried out in part by English civilians
• Abandoned military equipment on French coast
• France surrendered June 22, 1940
• Germany occupied Northern France
• Southern third of the country run by Frenchmen,
  Pierre Laval and Marshal Petain
• Collaborators
• Vichy France
• Free French, led by Charles De Gaulle
• Mussolini attacked in June 1940
• Then moved into Greece and North Africa
• Germany cultivated collaborators called
  quislings
• Britain only free country in Western Europe
• Italy was an ally USSR a friendly neutral

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Turning Points in the War
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British Hurricane and Spitfire Planes
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Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath

• 1940 Japan began seizing French bases in
  Indochina
• United States stopped shipping raw materials to
  Japan
• Prime Minister Tojo Hideki sent representatives
  to the United States
• Pearl Harbor attack December 7, 1941
• U.S. declared war on Japan December 8th and
  Germany and Italy 3 days later
• Early successes for Japan
• Singapore, British Malaya, the Philippines, the
  Netherlands Indies, New Guinea, and almost
  Australia
• Access to oil and rubber through conquest
• U.S. Pacific fleet badly damaged at Pearl Harbor

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North Africa and the Pacific

• Early 1941
• British went into Libya and took Ethiopia
• Germans sent Erwin Rommel
• Drove British back to Egypt
• British finally held Germans at El Alamein, 70
  miles from Alexandria
• 1942, the Grand Alliance
• In the Pacific
• General Douglas MacArthur led troops from
  Australia
• Admiral Chester W. Nimitz commanded entire
  Pacific fleet
• Victory at Battle of Midway and Battle of the
  Coral Sea
• Island hopping

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D-Day The Normandy Invasion

• Second front
• American and British bombers damaged Germany
• North Africa victory
• Allies took Sicily and invaded Italy
• Mussolini overthrown
• Later executed by his own people
• Massive invasion of French coast planned
• 4,000 ships and 10,000 planes
• Germans misled that invasion would occur near
  Calais
• French resistance
• General Dwight Eisenhower commanded combined
  forces
• Over a million men in France in first month
• Freed Paris in August
• German border by September

38
Advance on Berlin

• Soviets move into Warsaw
• Bogged down in Poland
• Yugoslavia kept Germans occupied in Eastern
  Europe, then moved north to Germany
• West reached Berlin April 1945
• East and West met at Elbe River on April 26
• Hitler committed suicide on May 7 and war ended
  in Germany

39
Victory in the Pacific

• Allies decided to defeat Germany first
• Pacific began with Solomon Islands and advanced
  slowly toward Japan
• Kamikaze pilots
• Okinawa
• Iwo Jima
• Bombing missions
• Decision to use Atomic Bomb
• Enola Gay
• Hiroshima August 6, 1945
• Nagasaki August 9th
• Japan surrendered three weeks later

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Diplomacy During the War

• American neutrality legislation
• Repealed in November 1939
• Franklin Roosevelt
• Four Freedoms
• Freedom of speech, of worship, freedom from want,
  and freedom from fear
• 1941 Lend-Lease program
• Britain primary recipient, extended to the
  Soviets after 1943

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Diplomacy During the War

• Peace terms worked out gradually series of
  conferences
• Newfoundland August 1941
• Roosevelt and Churchill
• The Atlantic Charter
• Casablanca, Morocco January 1943
• Unconditional surrender
• Tehran, Iran December 1943
• Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
• Postwar occupation and demilitarization of
  Germany
• United Nations
• Invasion plans
• Yalta on the Black Sea, February 1945
• Agreements about Poland and Eastern Europe
• Future of German
• War in Asia
• United Nations
• Occupation zones
• reparations

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Diplomacy During the War

• Potsdam (a suburb of Berlin)
• Roosevelt had died in April 1945 Harry Truman
  new president
• Truman, Stalin, Churchill, and France
• Stalin made territorial demands

43
European Society During the War

• Great Britain
• Society
• digging for victory gardens
• Food shortages, rationing
• Interned German citizens (including Jews)
• Morale
• Churchill radio addresses
• Air raids, community shelter
• Community clean up brigades
• Economy
• Mobilized female population
• Planned economy popular support
• Tank and aircraft production went up

44
European Society During the War

• France
• German occupation
• End of the Third Republic
• Vichy France
• Deported Jews to concentration camps
• Food shortages and other necessities
• French men and women used as slave labor in
  Germany

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European Society During the War

• Soviet Union
• Huge loss of life both soldiers and civilians
• Food and housing scarcity
• Strict government control of economy
• Women workers and soldiers
• Rise in patriotism

46
European Society During the War

• Germany
• Hitler refused to cut consumer production
• Take food, armaments, and other supplies from
  conquered and ship to Germany
• Raise production levels through efficiency
• Mobilization not implemented until 1944
• Extra labor needs filled by prison laborers

47
The Holocaust

• Emigration of Jews
• Ghettos
• Mass killings
• Final Solution
• Extermination camps, gas
• Labor camps
• Medical experimentation

48
Aftermath of the War

• Europe in shambles
• Displaced persons (refugees)
• Two superpowers remain U.S. and U.S.S.R.
• Eastern Europe under Soviet domination
• Occupation zones
• Berlin divided
• The Iron Curtain
• Yugoslavia
• Colonial independence