Data Information Systems and Management

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DataInformation Systems and Management
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Valuing Organizational Information

• Transactional Information
• Contained within a business process
• Supports performing daily operations
• Analytical Information
• Includes transactional information plus market
  and industry information
• The Value of Timely Information
• Real Time Immediate, up-to-date
• Within the Decision Makers Time frame

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Characteristics of High-Quality Information

• Accuracy
• Completeness
• Consistency
• Uniqueness
• Timeliness

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The Cost of Low-Quality Information

• Using the wrong information can lead to making
  the wrong decision
• The wrong decision can cost time, money, and even
  reputations

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The Benefits Of High-Quality Information

• Improve chances of making a good decision which,
  in turn, may directly affect the organizations
  bottom line

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Data Resource Management

• Data Planning
• Develop an overall data and architecture for the
  firms data resources that ties in with the
  firms strategic mission and plans, and the
  objectives and processes of its business units.
• Data Administration
• Involves the establishment and enforcement of
  policies and procedures for managing data as a
  strategic corporate resource.

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Database Structures

• Hierarchical
• One-to-many (Tree like)
• Network
• Many-to-many
• Relational
• Elements reside in two dimensional interlinked
  tables
• Multidimensional
• Cubes of data
• Object Oriented
• Encapsulation data and operations are stored
  together

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Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

• Tool Used In Data Modeling
• Depicts relationships between entities
• Entity a category of stored data
• Relationship how entities are associated
• Attributes descriptive components of an entity
• An ERD model can be easily translated into
  virtually any type of physical data base
  implementation

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Entity Relationship Diagram

• Customer
• Order
• Item

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Rules Of Thumb

• 11 One Table
• 1M primary key from one side used as a foreign
  key in the many side
• MM New table with a primary key which is a
  combination of both the other primary keys.

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Rules Of Thumb

• Bit
• Byte Character
• Field Data Element
  Attributes
• Record Data Structure
• Entity
  Table
• File Database
  Relational
  Database
• Primary Key
• Secondary Key (or Foreign Key)
• Referential Integrity
• Normalization

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Referential Integrity

• The Primary key data must exist before data can
  be entered in the table where the primary key is
  used as a Foreign key.

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Normalization

• A method of simplifying complex data structures
• A process of assigning attributes to entities
• Determine how to traverse a relational database
  by identifying primary keys and foreign keys

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Normalization

• First Normal Form (1NF)
• An entity is in 1NF if there are no elements, or
  group of elements, which repeat for a single
  occurrence of the entity.
• Second Normal Form (2NF)
• An entity is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and if the
  full key and not part of it derive all non-key
  elements
• Third Normal Form (3NF)
• An entity is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and if the
  values for the non-key elements are not dependent
  on any other non-key elements.

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ERD Example

Faculty
Department
Course
Student
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U of L Database
Calendar
HR

• Course
• Course (K)
• Course Name
• Course Description
• Faculty (k)

• Faculty
• Fac. (K)
• Name
• Address
• Dept (k)

Phone Book
Registration
Course Student Mark
To Grading System

• Department
• Dept. (K)
• Dept. Name
• Dept. Description

• Student
• Student (K)
• Student Name
• Student Address

Admissions
Organizational Chart
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Organizing Data

• Data is processed into information which in turn
  supports decision making
• Database Management System (DBMS)
• User/database interface
• Database Administrator (DBA)
• IT professional responsible for all aspects of
  the database

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Data Management

• For data to be turned into information it must
  first be organized in a meaningful way
• Traditional approach
• Data redundancy duplication of data in separate
  files
• Data integrity the degree to which data is
  correct
• Database approach
• A pool of related data is shared by mulitple
  application programs

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Data Modeling

• Key Considerations
• What data will be collected
• Who will have access to it
• How the data will be used
• Data Model
• A diagram of data entities and their relationships

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Data Modeling

• Enterprise Data Modeling
• Data modeling done at the enterprise level
• Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
• Use basic graphic symbols
• Show the organization and relationships between
  data
• Planned Data Redundancy
• Summary totals carried in data
• To improve system performance
• Data Marts in ERP systems

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The Relational Database Model

• Relational Model
• A database model that describes data in which all
  data elements are placed in two dimensional
  tables
• The tables are the logical equivalent to files
• Domain Allowable values for data attributes

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Data Clean-up

• The process of looking for and fixing
  inconsistencies to ensure that data are accurate
  and complete

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Overview of Database Types

• Flat file
• Sequential or direct
• Does not use database concepts
• Single User
• One person can use the database at a time
  (Access)
• Multiple Users
• Large DBMS (Oracle)

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Providing a User View

• Schema
• a description of the entire database
• Sub schema
• a description of a subset of the database
• Users can view and modify data terms in the subset

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Creating and Modifying the Database

• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Commands used to describe data and their
  relationships
• Data Dictionary
• Detailed descriptions of all data in the database

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Storing and Retrieving Data

• The system must calculate the physical location
  based upon logical application of data
• Concurrency Control
• A method of dealing with two people accessing the
  same location, in the same database, at the same
  time

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Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

• Query-by-example (QBE)
• Point and click, drag and drop
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Commands used to manipulate data in a database
• Structured Query Language (SQL)

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Selecting a Database Management System

• Determine information needs of the organization
• Considerations
• Size (current and future)
• Number of Concurrent Users
• Performance (response time)
• Integration (relation to other applications)
• Features (security, privacy, templates)
• The Vendor (service, reputation, viability)
• Cost

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• Enterprise Resource Planning
• Replace functional mainframe legacy systems with
  cross-functional client/server network
  applications.
• SAP and others

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Cross-Functional Information Systems

• Support business processes
• Production
• Distribution
• Order management
• Cross boundaries of Traditional business
  functions.
• IT helps by supporting the re-engineering and
  improvement of business processes.
• A strategic way to use IT to share information
  resources and improve both efficiency and
  effectiveness of business processes to help a
  business attain its strategic objectives.

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• Data Warehouse
• A database that collects business information
  from many sources in the enterprise, covering all
  aspects of the companys processes, products, and
  customers
• Data Mart
• Subset of a data warehouse

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Data Mining

• An information analysis tool that involves the
  automated discovery of patterns and relationships
  in a data warehouse
• Predictive Analysis
• Combines historical data with assumptions about
  future conditions
• Used to predict outcome of events

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Business Intelligence

• The process of gathering enough of the right
  information in a timely manner and usable form
  and analyzing it to have a positive impact on
  business strategy, tactics, or operations
• Competitive Intelligence
• Counter Intelligence
• Knowledge Management

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More Business Intelligence

• Competitive Intelligence
• One aspect of business intelligence limited to
  information about competitors
• Counter Intelligence
• The steps an organization takes to protect
  information sought by hostile intelligence
  gathers
• Knowledge Management
• The process of capturing a companys collective
  expertise wherever it resides in computers, on
  paper, in peoples heads and distributing it
  wherever it can help produce bigger payoffs

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Distributed Databases

• A database in which the data may spread across
  several smaller databases connected via
  telecommunication devices
• Replicated Database
• A database that holds a duplicate set of data

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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

• Software that allows users to explore data from a
  number of different perspectives

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Object-Oriented

• Object-Oriented Database
• Database that stores both data and its processing
  instructions together
• Encapsulation

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DataInformation Systems and Management