Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

1
Chapter 3

• Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

2
Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the
Newborn
Chapter 3 has four modules Module 3.1 From
Conception to Birth Module 3.2 Influences on
Prenatal Development Module 3.3 Happy
Birthday! Module 3.4 The Newborn
3
From Conception to Birth
4
(No Transcript)
5
Period of the Zygote

• Key terms
• Ovulation fertilization, implantation, fallopian
  tube zygote, blastocyst germ disc
• Characteristics
• 2 weeks duration rapid division
• Lets look at the next slide to view this period
  more closely.

6
Period of the Zygote
7
Period of the Embryo

• Key terms
• Embryo
• Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
• Amnion and amniotic fluid
• Umbilical cord
• Placenta
• Villi
• Characteristics
• Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development
• Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs

8
Prenatal Structures
9
Period of the Fetus

• Key Terms
• Cerebral cortex
• Vernix
• Age of viability
• Characteristics
• From 9 weeks after conception to birth
• Increase in size
• Systems begin to function

10
Period of the Fetus

• Fetal Behavior
• Fetal movement
• Behavioral maturity of sense
• Changes during prenatal development

11
Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby

• Regular check-ups
• Healthy foods
• No alcohol or caffeinated beverages
• Exercise
• Adequate diet

12
Influences on Prenatal Development
13
(No Transcript)
14
General Risk Factors

• Nutrition
• Chronic stress
• Mothers age

15
Teratogens Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental
Hazards

• Teratogen agent that causes abnormal prenatal
  development
• Diseases passing through placenta directly or
  attacking at birth (Table 3-1)
• Potentially dangerous drugs (Table 3-2)
• Environmental hazards (Table 3-3)

16
Did you hear that?

• Is cell phone usage a potential teratogen for
  pregnant women?

17
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
18
Lets review the effects of teratogens across
prenatal development.
19
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

• Diagnosis
• Ultrasound
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

20
Prenatal Diagnosis
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Amniocentesis
21
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

• Treatment
• Fetal medicine
• Fetal surgery

22
Happy Birthday!
23
(No Transcript)
24
Labor and Delivery

• Labor is usually divided into three stages

25
Three Stages of Labor
26
Approaches to Childbirth

• Prepared childbirth
• Natural childbirth
• Childbirth with doula
• Choice of place of birth

27
Approaches to Childbirth

• Childbirth classes
• Content
• Benefits

28
Adjusting to Parenthood

• Reorganization of old routines
• Physical and emotional reactions
• Postpartum depression

29
Birth Complications

• Hypoxia
• Cephalopelvic disproportion
• Irregular position
• Preeclampsia
• Prolapsed umbilical cord

30
Birth Complications

• Prematurity
• Low birth weight

31
True or False?

• Infant mortality is relatively low in the United
  States compared to other industrialized
  countries.
• Lets look at these rates around the world.

32
Infant Mortality Rates
33
The Newborn
34
(No Transcript)
35
Assessing the Newborn

• Apgar score (Table 3-5)
• Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

36
The Newborns Reflexes

• Newborns reflexes prepare them to interact with
  the world
• Survival reflexes
• Protective reflexes
• Foundational reflexes

37
Newborn States Primary

• Four primary states
• Alert inactivity
• Waking activity
• Crying
• Sleeping

38
Newborn States Cries

• Three distinctive types of cries
• Basic
• Mad
• Pain

39
Newborn States Sleep

• Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle
• Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)
• Co-sleeping

40
Back to Sleep Campaign
41
Perception and Learning in the Newborn