Organic

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Organic Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Acids Amines

• See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 11.6

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• Alcohols are a derivative of water
• Many alcohols dissolve in water

Methanol dissolves in water.
Butanol is NOT soluble in water.
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methyl alcohol (methanol)
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ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
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n-propyl alcohol (1-propanol)
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2-propyl alcohol (isopropanol)
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an ALCOHOL R OH Name add ol to name of
hydrocarbon Indicate position of -OH with number
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TYPES OF ALCOHOLS
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GLYCOLSAlcohols with Two OH Groups
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Sugars Related to Alcohols

• Sugars are carbohydrates, cmpds with the formula
  Cx(H2O)y.

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• Ethers are another derivative
• of water
• Many ethers dissolve in water

diethyl ether
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ethylmethyl ether
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an ETHER R - O - R
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Compounds with Carbonyl Group
Aldehyde
Carboxylic acid
Ketone
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methanal FORMALDEHYDE
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propanal
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R
H
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an ALDEHYDE Name add al to name of hydrocarbon
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Cinnamaldehyde
Odors from aldehydes and ketones
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dimethylketone propanone ACETONE
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2-pentanone
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3-pentanone
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R
R
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a KETONE Name add one to name of
hydrocarbon Indicate position of O with number
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Carboxylic Acids
Acids are found in many natural substances
bread, fruits, milk, wine
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methanoic acid FORMIC ACID
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ethanoic acid ACETIC ACID
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butanoic acid BUTYRIC ACID
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a CARBOXYLIC ACID Name add oic to name of
hydrocarbon acid
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• While alcohols are derivatives of H2O
• (ROH), amines are derivatives of NH3.

Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Methylamine
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• Amines generally have terrible odors!

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• Amines, like NH3, are bases

2 C6H5NH2(aq) H2SO4(aq) ? 2 C6H5NH3(aq)
SO42- (aq)
anilinium ion
aniline
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• Many natural products and drugs (such as nicotine
  and cocaine) are bases.

Nicotine
H
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an AMINO ACID
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GlycerolAlcohol with 3 OH Groups
Combine this with long chain acids ? ??? Fatty
acids ? fats and oils
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Fats and Oils
R organic group with NO CC bonds C12 Lauric
acid C16 Palmitic acid C18 Stearic acid
What is the functional group in a fat or oil?
R organic group with CC bonds C18 oleic acid
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Fats and Oils
Fats with CC bonds are usually LIQUDS
Oleic acid a monounsaturated fatty acid
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Fats and Oils
Fats with saturated acids (no CC bonds) are
SOLIDS.
Saturated fats are more common in animals.
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Fats and Polar Bears

• Bears gorge on blubber in the winter.
• During the summer bears rely on stored fat for
  energy.
• Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.
• Water for metabolism comes from fat burning.

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Trans Fatty Acids

• Oleic acid is a monounsaturated cis-fatty acid
• Trans fatty acids have deleterious health
  effects.
• Trans fatty acids raise plasma LDL cholesterol
  and lower HDL levels.

CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7CO2H
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Trans Fatty Acids
Food Percentages of Trans-Fatty Acids
Butter 3.6
Soft Margarine 5.2
Hard Margarine 12.4
Vegetable Oils, Including Safflower, Sunflower, and Soy 0
Beefburger, Fried or Grilled 0.8
Chocolate Cake with Icing 7.1