Exam 4 key posted

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Exam 4 key posted Office Hours... Final Exam F
5/14 from 9am-noon in...
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The connection between resources and armed
conflict Darfur
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Changes in precipitation 1900-2000
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Drought in the northern part of Darfur has forced
nomadic groups to immigrate southwards in search
of water and herding ground, which resulted in
conflict with sedentary tribes.
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Solutions to the violence in Darfur must consider
the environmental factors behind the conflict.
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Conflicts over resources are predicted to
intensify. Reduced resource exploitation can
help mitigate these conflicts.
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I'm only one person, what can I do?
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What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate
global climate change.
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Fig 55.11
Energy is lost in each consumer the 10 rule
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Human impact As consumers
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Use of agriculture in the U.S.About 1/2 of water
and 80 of agricultural land is used for raising
animals.
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Fossil Fuels Producing beef consumes over 100
times more fossil fuel than producing
potatoes. The typical American could save almost
as much gas by going vegetarian as by not driving.
http//bicycleuniverse.info/transpo/beef.html
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What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate
global climate change.
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How do stable ecosystems develop?
Not all habitats are equal
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Primary Succession- the first organisms to
colonize bare rock Secondary Succession- recovery
from a disturbance
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Primary Succession- from non-living to living
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Primary succession as this glacier retreats
Fig 54.22
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Primary Successionafter glacier retreat,150-300
years
Fig 54.22
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in Primary Succession biodiversity increases as
resources become available
Fig 54.22
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Primary Succession each stage helps enable the
next
Fig54.23
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Secondary Succession after a fire
Fig 54.21
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Grassland biodiversity and biomass are increased
by regular burns
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Secondary Succession of a field(20 yrs)
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Disturbances can increase resources, but disturb
the interconnections between organisms
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Human vs Natural Disturbances
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Restoration Ecology- human involvement in
recovering from a disturbance.
Fig 56.21
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Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration A
Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A
Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009 Vol.
325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 1124 Looked at the
results of 89 different ecological restorations.
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Types of DisturbancesCessation of prescribed
burning Cultivation and cropping Disturbance,
excavation, or burial of Substrate
Eutrophication Hydrological disruption Invasion
by non-native species Logging of trees
Over-grazing Removal of carnivores or
herbivores Soil contamination Restoration
action Cessation of degrading action only
(passive restoration) Extirpation of damaging
species (including non-natives) Nutrient
removal Planting of forbs or grasses Planting
of trees Reinstatement of burning
Reintroduction of herbivores or carnivores
Remodeling of topography Soil amendments
Tbl 1 Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration A
Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A
Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009 Vol.
325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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(nutrients and primary production)
(goods)
(climate, water, etc)
Fig 1 Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration A
Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A
Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009 Vol.
325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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Fig 1 Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration A
Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A
Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009 Vol.
325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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Restoration recovered 86 of biodiversity and 80
of combined ecosystem services compared to
non-disturbed systems.
Fig 1 Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration A
Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A
Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009 Vol.
325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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What limits the success of restoration?
Fig 1 Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration A
Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A
Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009 Vol.
325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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Fig 56.13
Not all habitats are equal
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A third to a half of all old-growth species avoid
younger (lt30-year-old) regrowth.
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What limits the success of restoration?
Invasive Species
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Why are species going extinct?
"Global Biodiversity" Chapman Hall, World
Conservation Monitoring Centre, London, 1992
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Invasive species can disrupt an ecosystem
Fig 55.6
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The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)

• Its native in Australia and was introduced to
  Guam accidentally in the 1950s
• Overall responsible for the extinction of 3 out
  of 4 seabirds 9 out of 13 forest birds 3-5 out
  12 reptile species on the Island of Guam.
• This snake caused the extirpation or serious
  reduction of most of the island's 25 resident
  bird species on the main island of Guam.

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Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)

• Introduced to Lake Victoria in 1954 to increase
  fish yield
• Caused extinction of 200 endemic fish species
  through predation, and competition
• Fish caused indirect increased erosion on land,
  causing higher nutrient levels in the lake.

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Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

• Introduced as ornamental plant around the world
• Now in 50 countries on 5 continents including US
• In California it replaced the native pennywort
  (Hydrocotyle umbellata) which occupies a similar
  habitat, leading to a marked decrease in
  invertebrate communities
• Limits water transport, reduces oxygen and light
  levels in the water

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• How Many Invasive Species Are There in Texas?
• 67 terrestrial plants
• 12 aquatic/wetland plants
• 10 mammals
• 4 birds
• 7 fishes
• 11 insects
• 11 mollusks and crustaceans

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What limits the success of restoration?
Fig 1 Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services by Ecological Restoration A
Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A
Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009 Vol.
325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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Exam 4 key posted Office Hours... Final Exam F
5/14 from 9am-noon in...