Water is the universal solvent (dissolves chemicals).

1
WATER

• Water is the universal solvent (dissolves
  chemicals).
• Chemicals added to water are called
  _______________________
• The chemical/water mixture is called a
  ____________________
• ________________ chemicals dissolve well or mix
  with water.
• ________________chemicals do not mix well with
  water.
• Water is an ideal ________________ medium.
• Blanketing power allows molecules in water to
  move around and be cushioned from one another.
  Many molecules dissolve readily in water
• Water has a high heat capacity and a high heat of
  vaporization.
• It is easily able to absorb heat from reactions
  so that the overall _________________ of solution
  doesnt change.
• Water needs a high temperature to change from a
  liquid to gas, so remains a liquid thru wide
  temperature ranges.
• Water is used for ________________ of moving
  parts of the body.

2
SALTS

• Mineral compounds that have _________ bonds.
• Principle form of __________ that enter and are
  stored in the body.
• When salts are added to water they immediately
  _____________ (divide into separate ions).
• Salts in ionic form are called ___________________
  ____-substances that have ability to transmit an
  electrical charge.
• Na, K, Ca2, Cl-

3
Acids and Bases

• ___________- ionically bonded substances that
  when added to water freely release hydrogen ions
  (H).
• Called H donors or proton donors
• ___________ Ionically bonded substances that when
  added to water release a hydroxyl ion (OH-).
• Called proton acceptors
• H and OH- combine to form ____________

4
The pH Scale

• Acids and Bases are also electrolytes because
  they can transmit electricity when ionized in
  water.
• Ranges from 1-14.
• Lower numbers are the most ___________, higher
  numbers are more ____________.
• pH of ________ is neutral.
• pH of blood is __________.

5
Buffers

• A substance that minimizes the change of the
  _________ of a solution when an acid or base is
  added to the solution.
• Weak acids and bases that dont completely ionize
  in water.
• By not allowing excessive hydrogen or hydroxyl
  ions to accumulate, buffers help cell maintain a
  _________ pH.

6
Organic Molecules

• Molecules that contain carbon.
• Carbon can exist in a variety of forms (chains,
  rings, branches), so various structures can be
  built with it as it strives to form bonds with
  other atoms to become stable.
• Divided into 4 groups
• _____________________
• Glycogen, Ribose
• ____________________
• Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids,
  Prostaglandins
• _____________________
• Globular, Fibrous
• _____________________
• DNA, RNA, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

7
Carbohydrates

• Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular
  structures.
• Starch, table sugar, cellulose
• Composed of ___, ___, and ___ (water-containing
  carbon)
• Simple Sugars-____________________.
• Glucose and Fructose
• ________________- when two monosaccharides are
  joined together in synthesis reaction.
• _________________- combinations of many
  monosaccharides.
• Glycogen and cellulose

8
Carbohydrate terms

• ________________ sugar with 6 carbon atoms
• ________________ sugar with 5 carbon atoms
• ________________ synthesis is the
  creation/removal of water during a reaction
• ________________ is the breaking down of complex
  molecules into simpler ones by adding water
• ________________- when a macromolecule is formed
  out of a carbohydrate attached to a protein.

9
Lipids

• Used for ____________ and stored in ______.
• 4 classes of Lipids
• Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids,
  eicosinoids
• Also made of C, H, O (and sometimes P), but their
  __ content is much lower than the amount in carbs.

10

• Also called triglycerides or fats.
• Contains three ________ acids and a ___________
  molecule.
• Fatty acids are chains of carbon atoms with 1 or
  2 hydrogen atoms attached
• Glycerol is a modified, 3 carbon sugar
• ________________ fatty acids- all bonds in the
  hydrocarbon chain are single bonds.
• _________________fatty acids- when there are some
  double bonds between the carbon and hydrogen
  atoms.
• __________________________- macromolecule
  composed of proteins and lipids

NEUTRAL FATS
11

• Have a _______________ backbone like
  triglycerides
• In place of 3rd fatty acid is a phosphate group
  (PO4) attached to a nitrogen containing compound.
• Have a lipid bilayer when placed in water.
• ________________ heads are facing water
• Phosphate groups
• _______________ tails line up with one another.
• Fatty acid side

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
12

• Four interlocking hydrocarbon rings with very
  little oxygen.
• Are hydrophobic.
• Basic _______________ ring structure that forms
  different steroids

• Lipids formed from a 20-carbon fatty acid and
  ring structure. (____________ structure)
• Important for mediation of complex processes in
  the body (inflammation, platelet function,
  bronchoconstriction, and mucus production

STEROIDS
EICOSANOIDS