High Energy High Intensity Hadron Beams

1
High EnergyHigh IntensityHadron Beams
Network
coordinated by W. Scandale and F. Zimmermann

• http//care-hhh.web.cern.ch/care-hhh/

2
CARE-HHH network

• Coordinate and integrate the activities of the
  accelerator and particle physics communities in a
  worldwide context, towards achieving superior
  High-Energy High-Intensity Hadron Beam facilities
  for Europe

• road map for the upgrade of the European
  accelerator infrastructure (LHC and GSI
  accelerator complex)
• coordinate activities and foster future
  collaborations
• dissemination and outreach

WP1 Advancements in Accelerator Magnet
Technologies (AMT) WP2 Novel Methods for
Accelerator Beam Instrumentation (ABI) WP3
Accelerator Physics and synchrotron Design (APD)
Participating institutes CEA, CERN,
CSIC-CIEMAT, CCLRC, DESY, GSI, INFN, PSI, TEU,
WUT Associated institutes CRPP, ENEA, TUBE,
ESRF, UPSA, FZK, TEMF, US-LARP (BNL,FNAL,LBNL,SLAC
), JINR, IHEP, KEK Additional collaborations
Texas AM U., U. Geneva, U. Bologna
3
activities in 2007

• Events
• 5 HHH workshops 2 workshops ready to go in
  November 07
• 2 HHH-US-LARP coordination meetings
• 1 GSI-CERN CARE meeting
• Dissemination and outreach
• 6 workshop proceedings completed
• 1 invited and 1 contributed talk, and 9 papers
  presented at PAC07
• 7 presentations at LHC-detector upgrade
  workshops/symposia/meetings
• 2 seminars at SLAC and LBNL, 3 CERN INFN
  management meetings, 3 departmental/project
  seminars
• 4 articles in CERN Bulletin CERN Courier 3
  HHH notes
• HHH web sites maintained developed
• Exchanges and education
• several Russian, 2 US, 1 EU accelerator
  physicist, 3 representatives of European industry
  supported for HHH workshops
• 1 EU scientist supported for 2-week visit to CERN
  
• 5 doctoral students 3 EU summer students
  recruited for summer 2007

4
workshops in 2007

• 4th CARE-HHH-ABI workshop on Simulation of BPM
  Front-End Electronics and Special Mechanical
  Designs,  Lüneburg, Germany, 30 November - 1
  December 2006, Proceedings CARE-Conf-06-087-HHH
• Joint CARE-HHH-APD, CARE-ELAN, and EUROTeV
  mini-workshop on E-Cloud Clearing (ECL2), CERN,
  Geneva, 1-2 March 2007, Proceedings
  CARE-Conf-06-007-HHH
• CARE-HHH-APD mini-workshop on Crystal Channeling
  for Large Colliders Machine and Physics
  Applications (CC-2007), CERN, 22-23 March 2007 
• US-LARP CARE-HHH mini-workshop on beam-beam
  compensation,  SLAC, USA, 2-4 July 2007,
  http//www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/larp
• CARE-HHH-APD Workshop on LHC Injectors Upgrade
  and LHC Beam Parameters Upgrade including
  Francesco Ruggiero Memorial Symposium and
  CERN-GSI Meeting (BEAM'07), CERN, Geneva, 1-5
  October, 2007
• READY TO GO
• CARE-HHH-APD Workshop on Interaction Regions for
  the LHC Upgrade, DAFNE and SuperB (IR'07), INFN
  Frascati, Italy, 7-9 November 2007
• CARE-HHH-AMT Workshop on Heat Generation
  Transfer in Superconducting Magnets (THERMOMAG),
  Paris, France, 19-20 November, 2007

5
major presentations

• INFN CSN1 Meeting, Frascati, 28 November 2006
• - H8-RD22 Experiment to test Crystal Collimation
  for the LHC W. Scandale
• LHCb Upgrade Workshop, Edinburgh, 11 January,
  2007
• - LHC Upgrade Plan and Ideas - Scenarios and
  Constraints from the Machine Side, invited talk,
  F. Zimmermann
• Joint AB LHC Project Seminar, CERN, 18 January
  2007
• - Baseline Scenario for the LHC Luminosity
  Upgrade, summary of the CARE-HHH LHC-LUMI-06
  workshop W. Scandale, F. Zimmermann
• ATLAS CMS Detector Electronics Upgrade
  Workshop, CERN, March 2007
• Two Scenarios for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade
  W. Scandale
• LHC Project Seminar, CERN, 15 March 2007
• - H8-RD22 Experiment to Test Crystal Collimation
  for the LHC W. Scandale

Beam-Beam Compensation Workshop, SLAC 2-4 July 07

• W. Scandale F. Zimmermann, Head-On Compensation
  in LHC
• F. Zimmermann, Beam-Beam Effects for LHC and LHC
  Upgrade Scenarios
• F. Zimmermann, Open Issues from the SPS
  Long-Range Experiments
• J.-P. Koutchouk, Beam-Beam Aspect of a Possible
  Early-Separation Scheme
• U. Dorda, Technological Issues of Wire
  Compensators, and two other presentations

6
PAC07 presentations

• PAC07, Albuquerque, 25-29 June, 07
• ORAL
• - F. Zimmermann, LHC Upgrade Scenarios
• W. Scandale, Observation of Proton Reflection on
  Bent Silicon Crystals at the CERN SPS
• POSTERS
• - E. Todesco, R. W. Assmann, R. de Maria, J.-P.
  Koutchouk, E. Metral, G. Sterbini, F. Zimmermann,
  A Concept for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade Based on
  Strong Beta Reduction Combined with a Minimized
  Geometrical Luminosity Loss Factor
• - E. Todesco, B. Bellesia, J.-P. Koutchouk, C.
  Santoni, Estimating Field Quality in Low-beta
  Superconducting Quadrupoles and its Impact on
  Beam Stability
• - M. Aiba, M. Chanel, U. Dorda, R. Garoby, J.-P.
  Koutchouk, M. Martini, E. Metral, Y.
  Papaphilippou, W. Scandale, F. Zimmermann, V.
  Shiltsev, G. Franchetti, Space-Charge
  Compensation Options for the LHC Injector
  Complex,
• - U. Dorda, F. Zimmermann, W. Fischer, V.
  Shiltsev, LHC Beam-Beam Compensation Using Wires
  and Electron Lenses
• - R. Calaga, U. Dorda, R. Tomas, F. Zimmermann,
  K. Akai, K. Ohmi, K. Oide, Small Angle Crab
  Compensation for LHC IR Upgrade
• - K. Ohmi, R. Calaga, W. Hofle, R. Tomas, F.
  Zimmermann, Beam-Beam Effect with an External
  Noise in LHC
• - E. Benedetto, G. Rumolo, D. Schulte, R. Tomas,
  F. Zimmermann, G. Franchetti, K. Ohmi, M. Pivi,
  T. Raubenheimer, W. Fischer, K. Sonnad, J.-L.
  Vay, Modeling Incoherent Electron Cloud Effects

7
other key presentations

• HCP2007 Elba, 29 May 2007
• W. Scandale and F. Zimmermann, Scenarios for sLHC
  and vLHC (slides),
• ALICE Seminar, 30 April 2007
• W. Scandale, H8-RD22 Experiment Progress on Ion
  Beam Focusing with Bent Crystals,
• IoP Half-Day Meeting on Super-LHC, Liverpool 27
  June 2007
• J.-P. Koutchouk, LHC Accelerator Upgrade,
• Meeting on Machine-Experiment Interface Issues
  for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade, 24 July 2007
• F. Zimmermann, W. Scandale, LHC Machine Upgrade
  Parameters,

8
deliverables milestones
deliverables 2004 HHH HHH-APD web site gt
OK 2005 creation of first web-based beam
dynamics code repository gt OK
http//oraweb.cern.ch9000/pls/hhh/code_website.
startup 2007 web based database for s.c. cables
and magnets gt OK, http//sdb.web.cern.ch/
sdb milestones web reference for IR optics gt
OK http//care-hhh.web.cern.ch/care-hhh/SuperLHC_
IRoptics/IRoptics.html booster synchrotron
optics gt delayed to 2008 structured list of
intensity limits gt nearing completion scaling
laws for magnet and cryogenic cost gt 2008
2 summer students 1 doctoral student
1 summer student
9
recent publications
J.-P. Koutchouk, L. Rossi, E. Todesco, A Solution
for Phase-One Upgrade of the LHC Low-Beta
Quadrupoles Based on Nb-Ti, April 2007,
CARE-Note-2007-006-HHH W. Scandale et al,
High-Efficiency Volume Reflection of an
Ultrarelativistic Proton Beam with a Bent Silicon
Crystal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 154801,
CARE-pub-07-001 (2007) O. Brüning, R. De Maria,
R. Ostojic, Low Gradient, Low Gradient, Large
Aperture IR Upgrade Options for the LHC
Compatible with Nb-Ti Magnet Technology,
CARE-Note-2007-007-HHH R. Garoby, M. Benedikt,
A. Fabich, F. Gerigk, Comparison of Options for
the Injector of PS2, CERN-AB-2007-14,
CARE-Note-2007-008-HHH G. Sterbini, D.
Tommasini, J.-P. Koutchouk, Layout VERSION 1 for
the Early Separation Scheme in ATLAS, AT-MCS
Internal Note 2007-04
10
WP1 Advancements in Accelerator Magnet
Technologies (AMT)
11
Superconductors Database (SDB)
http//sdb.web.cern.ch/sdb

• database structure complete
• web interfaces complete
• since January07 collaboration with FNAL and BNL
  on magnet cable data sharing
• automatic tools, which import data from existing
  databases, e.g., for LHC, Tevatron and RHIC, to
  SDB core gt OK
• existing data incorporated in the DB

Courtesy E. Laface
12
SDB example
Courtesy E. Laface
13
AMT activity OSOM

• design of 2 T pulsed superferric magnet,
  accordingly to indications of the CARE-HHH
  workshop ECOMAG 06
• cable and coil in the iron configured to minimize
  loss
• conceptual design that dissipates less than 10
  W/m in the superconducting coil, with warm iron
  (i.e. negligible loss power)
• two variants wide iron and compact version with
  correction coil, both suitable for a PS upgrade.
• summary report completed
• comparison of s.c. and n.c. options for fast
  cycling PS2

14
AMT exchanges

• F. Broggi (Milano) visited CERN for 4 weeks
• Heat deposition in the low-? region
• energy deposition versus triplet and IP distance.
• explore other parts of the parameter space
• precise FLUKA description of IR1 and IR5,
  including exact magnetic fields
• confirm the LUMI06 results with the latest
  descriptions, source and FLUKA version
• identify future activity (aperture, insertion
  length, crossing angle)
• E. Laface visited FNAL BNL for 1 week to
  coordinate work on s.c. database

15
planned AMT workshop

• 27-28 September CARE-HHH-AMT workshop on Heat
  Generation and Heat Transfer in Superconducting
  Magnets (THERMOMAG07), Paris, 2 days
• minimizing and evacuating heat in the next
  generation of superconducting magnets for high
  intensity particle accelerators, such as the IR
  magnet for the LHC luminosity upgrade and the
  fast cycling magnets for FAIR and for the LHC
  injector chain upgrade
• identify the state of the art on
• (1) cooling techniques (fluids and regimes),
• (2) heat transfer mechanisms,
• (3) modeling of heat transfer from coils to
  cooling system,
• (4) heat transfer experiments identify a common
  set of thermal design criteria

? CARE07 HHH highlight talk by D. Tommasini
http//care-hhh.web.cern.ch/CAREHHH/Workshops/Prog
Thermomag.htm
16
WP2 Novel Methods for Accelerator Beam
Instrumentation (ABI)
17
4th ABI workshop

• 27 participants 6 CERN, 7 DESY, 5 GSI, 1 CEA, 2
  RAL, 2 Globes Electronics, 3 Kyocera, 1 FNAL
• topics BPM sensors, BPM electronics, cold BPMs
• proceedings ready and published as
  CARE-Conf-06-087-HHH

18
planned ABI workshop

• Dec. 2007 HHH-ABI annual workshop on Tools for
  Diagnostic Systems at High-Intensity (Pre-)
  Accelerators Emittance Preservation and
  Measurements in the Accelerator Chain, Chamonix,
  France

19
WP3 Accelerator Physics and synchrotron Design
(APD)
20
APD exchanges

• R. De Maria (grad student) visited FNAL for 1
  month in February-March to work on heat
  deposition in low-b region for NbTi
  low-gradient IR optics solutions
• W. Scandale visited FNAL for 1 week in February
  to participate in Tevatron crystal experiment
• Two graduate students (U. Dorda, G. Sterbini)
  participated in RHIC beam-beam compensation
  experiments for two weeks in June, in the frame
  of HHH/US-LARP collaboration
• collaborations with N. Mokhov (US-LARP), on heat
  deposition in low-b region for NbTi
  low-gradient IR optics solutions
• W. Scandale visited LBNL and FNAL for 1 week in
  July to discuss CARE-HHH and US-LARP issues, and
  future SPSFNAL crystal experiments
• G. Franchetti (GSI) visited CERN for joint
  e-cloud studies in September/October 2007 M.
  Pivi (SLAC) will visit in January 2008

21
2007 crystal experiments

• Seven weeks of CERN SPS runs goals test
  multi-strip crystals, check the effect on ions
  verify their fragmentation and e.-m.
  dissociation inside the crystal test the
  effectiveness of crystal collimation
• Participating in the preparation of a crystal
  collimation experiment at FNAL
• Support
• CARE-HHH , INTAS-CERN, INFN-NTA,
• Russian Foundation for Basic Research, CERN AB
• and AT Departments

22
CC-2007

• topics
• critical review of experimental results
• crystal production technologies
• application of bent crystals to LHC collimation
  system
• assessment of new crystals through experiments at
  SPS and Tevatron
• use of crystals for diffractive physics
• co-sponsored by INTAS
• 45 participants INFN Genova, U. Ferrara, INFN
  Legnaro, PNPI Gatchina, IHEP Protvino, FNAL, JINR
  Dubna, INFN Frascati, INFN Roma, U. Manchester,
  U. Texas,

23
PRL article on 2006 SPS crystal experiments
including CARE acknowledgement
SPS crystal collimation test
24
(No Transcript)
25
intensity limits in LHC and LHC injectors

• various limitations explored by summer student
  Ibon Santiago Gonzalez (Guernica), 26 June 15
  September
• information gathered from experts (G.
  Arduini, C. Carli, M. Chanel, A. Hofmann, E.
  Metral, F. Pedersen, E. Shaposhnikova, B. Zotter,
  collimation team,)
• information collected from literature
  (papers by E. Metral, F.J. Sacherer, K.Y. Ng,)
• theory of longitudinal Landau damping further
  developed to include arbitrary bunch profile
  2nd harmonic rf applications to PSB, PS, SPS,
  LHC
• mega-tables with machine parameters extended web
  pages
• HHH note in preparation

26
2007 long-range beam-beam compensation
experiments
RHIC, MD in June 2007 - two wires used to model
LHC LR effect in RHIC rings - strong effect of
chromaticity on beam lifetime observed SPS, MDs
in July and August 2007 - single wire used to
model LHC LR effect in SPS - main observables
proton loss, beam lifetime - three beam energies
26, 37, 55 GeV explored to check scaling laws and
extrapolation to LHC - lifetime vs wire current,
beam-wire distance, chromaticity
27
ECL2 workshop

• 35 participants 16 CERN (4 AB/ABP, 1 AB/OP, 7
  AB/RF, 2 AT-VAC, 2 TS), 3 German enamel industry
  (Eisenwerke Dueker, Wendel Email), 4 US (BNL,
  Cornell, LBNL SLAC), 1 KEK, others from
  European institutes (Astec, LNF, DESY, ANKA, U.
  Rostock, CELLS, U. Sannio, ESRF)
• topics CERN NEG coating facility,
  motivation,
  technological solutions, simulations,
  beam measurements, impedance,
  - for PS2, SPS upgrade,
  LHC upgrade, CLIC ILC

28
ECL2 solutions against electron cloud
slotted vacuum chamber (W. Bruns) New! enamel
electrodes (F. Caspers) New! electrete inserts
(F. Caspers) New! NEG coating (P. Chiggiato)
? CARE07 HHH highlight talk by F. Zimmermann
slotted chamber
enamel-based electrode
29
LHC upgrade parameters
parameter 25 ns, smaller b 50 ns, long
transverse emittance 3.75 3.75
protons per bunch 1.7 4.9
bunch spacing 25 50
beam current 0.86 1.22
longitudinal profile Gauss Flat
rms bunch length 7.55 14.4
beta at IP15 0.08 0.25
full crossing angle 100 381
Piwinski parameter 0.60 2.5
peak luminosity 15.5 8.9
events per crossing 296 340
initial lumi lifetime 2.1 5.3
effective luminosity (Tturnaround5 h) 3.6 3.5
effective luminosity (Tturnaround5 h) 4.6 6.7
e-c heat SEY1.4(1.3) 1.04 (0.59) 0.36 (0.1)
SR heat load 4.6-20 K 0.25 0.36
image current heat 0.33 0.78
gas-s. 100 h (10 h) tb 0.06 (0.56) 0.09 (0.9)
D0 crab wire comp.
two LHC upgrade scenarios developed
at LUMI06 25 ns and 50 ns spacing
30
upgrade bunch structures
31
IR upgrade optics

• compact low-gradient NbTi, b25 cm
• lt75 T/m (Riccardo De Maria, Oliver Bruning)
• modular low gradient NbTi, b25 cm
• lt90 T/m (Riccardo De Maria, Oliver Bruning)
• low bmax low-gradient NbTi, b25 cm
• lt125 T/m (Riccardo De Maria, Oliver Bruning)
• standard Nb3Sn upgrade, b25 cm
• 200 T/m, 2 versions with different magnet
  parameters
• (Tanaji Sen et al, Emmanuel Laface, Walter
  Scandale)
• crab-waist sextupole insertions? (LNF/FP7)
• early separation with b8 cm, Nb3Sn
• includes D0 either triplet closer to IP or Q0
• being prepared for PAC07 (Jean-Pierre Koutchouk
  et al)

compatible with 50-ns upgrade path
32
average luminosity vs b
including crossing angle hourglass, assuming
optimum run time for 5 h turn-around
33
phased LHC upgrade

• recent CERN management decision early IR upgrade
  (phase-1) based on NbTi magnets, implemented
  2012
• low-gradient large-aperture NbTi optics
  solutions developed by HHH are three good
  candidates
• IR optics selection by Lyn Evans in 2007 input
  from HHH studies
• more ambitious Nb3Sn upgrade and higher
  luminosity planned in a 2nd phase

34
planned APD workshops

• 7-9 November CARE-HHH-APD workshop on LHC IR
  Upgrade (LUMI'07), INFN Frascati, Italy
• new low-beta quadrupoles,
• detector-integrated dipoles and quadrupoles,
• crab cavities,
• wire compensation,
• experience with new DAFNE IR (crab waist IR)

35
Updated list of future accelerators
Present accelerators
Future accelerators
Linac4
Linac2
50 MeV

• (LP)SPL is the baseline injector for PS2
• PS2 will use nc magnets
• PS2 size is 15/77 of SPS

160 MeV
(LP)SPL
PSB
1.4 GeV
4 GeV
PS
26 GeV
PS2
50 GeV
Output energy
(LP)SPL (Low Power) Superconducting Proton Linac
(4-5 GeV) PS2 High Energy PS ( 5 to 50 GeV
0.3 Hz) SPS Superconducting SPS (50 to1000
GeV) SLHC Superluminosity LHC (up to 1035
cm-2s-1) DLHC Double energy LHC (1 to 14 TeV)
SPS
SPS
450 GeV
1 TeV
LHC / SLHC
DLHC
7 TeV
14 TeV
36
Francesco Ruggiero Memorial Symposium
3 October 2007 during HHH-APD BEAM07

• speakers S. Berg, C. Biscari, O. Bruning,
• W. Chou, M. Furman, K. Hirata, A. Mostacci,
• L. Palumbo, S. Petracca, Q Quin,
• W. Scandale, F. Zimmermann .

37
Gantt chart until end of 2008 AMT and ABI
38
Gantt chart until end of 2008 APD
39
Conclusions

• numerous high-impact workshops
• focused activities in many frontier areas
• - crystal collimation, slim magnets, e-cloud
  suppression, low-angle crab cavities, beam-beam
  compensation, novel optics design schemes, fast
  cycling s.c. magnets, new beam diagnostics
• results benefit global accelerator community
• - code repository, s.c. database, intensity
  limits
• enhanced dissemination training effort
• - mutual visits between partner labs,
  publications, seminars, web pages, many
  summer students and graduate students
• HHH is high-return investment for Europe