Title: The EU's Role in the United Nations: More than the sum of its members?
1The EU's Role in the United Nations More than
the sum of itsmembers?
- presentation by Roberto Storaci
- Counsellor at the EU Delegation to the UN
2Outline what we are going to talk about
- EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
after the Lisbon Treaty. - The EU at the UN why is this forum of particular
relevance? - The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
3Outline what we are NOT going to talk about
- We are not going to take an academic approach.
- We are not addressing the EU Common Security and
Defense Policy (CSDP). - We are not considering the crisis management
architecture.
4Outline what we are going to talk about
- EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
after the Lisbon Treaty. - The EU at the UN why is this forum of particular
relevance? - The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
5EU CFSP after the Lisbon Treaty.
- Principles
- Actors and competences
- Tools and priorities
6EU CFSP - Principles
- The Treaty on European Union
- Art. 2 The Union is founded on the values of
respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy,
equality, the rule of law and respect for human
rights, including the rights of persons belonging
to minorities. These values are common to the
Member States in a society in which pluralism,
non-discrimination, tolerance, justice,
solidarity and equality between women and men
prevail.
7EU CFSP - Principles
- Art. 3.5 In its relations with the wider world,
the Union shall uphold and promote its values and
interests and contribute to the protection of its
citizens. It shall contribute to peace, security,
the sustainable development of the Earth,
solidarity and mutual respect among peoples, free
and fair trade, eradication of poverty and the
protection of human rights, in particular the
rights of the child, as well as to the strict
observance and the development of international
law, including respect for the principles of the
UN Charter.
8EU CFSP - Principles
- Art. 21.1 The Union's action on the
international scene shall be guided by the
principles which have inspired its own creation,
development and enlargement, and which it seeks
to advance in the wider world democracy, rule of
law, the universality and indivisibility of human
rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for
human dignity, the principles of equality and
solidarity, and respect for the principles of the
UN Charter and international law.
9EU CFSP - Principles
- Art. 21.2 The Union shall define and pursue
common policies and actions, and shall work for a
high degree of cooperation in all fields of
international relations, in order to - (a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests,
security, independence and integrity - (b) consolidate and support democracy, the rule
of law, human rights and the principles of
international law - (c) preserve peace, prevent conflicts and
strengthen international security, in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the United
Nations Charter, with the principles of the
Helsinki Final Act and with the aims of the
Charter of Paris, including those relating to
external borders - (d) foster the sustainable economic, social and
environmental development of developing
countries, with the primary aim of eradicating
poverty - (e) encourage the integration of all countries
into the world economy, including through the
progressive abolition of restrictions on
international trade - (f) help develop international measures to
preserve and improve the quality of the
environment and the sustainable management of
global natural resources, in order to ensure
sustainable development - (g) assist populations, countries and regions
confronting natural or man-made disasters and - (h) promote an international system based on
stronger multilateral cooperation and good - global governance.
10EU CFSP - Principles
- CFSP different from the rest.
- Art. 24.1 The common foreign and security policy
is subject to specific rules and procedures. It
shall be defined and implemented by the European
Council and the Council acting unanimously,
except where the Treaties provide otherwise
The Court of Justice of the European Union shall
not have jurisdiction with respect to these
provisions.
11EU CFSP Actors and competences
- Actors
- European Council
- The Council (Foreign Affairs Council)
- The High Representative/Vice President
- The Member States
- The Commission
- The Parliament
12EU CFSP Actors and competences
- The European Council
- identifies the Union's strategic interests and
objectives. - Art. 15.6 The President of the European Council
shall, at his level and in that capacity, ensure
the external representation of the Union on
issues concerning its common foreign and security
policy.
13EU CFSP Actors and competences
- The Council
- - frames the CFSP and takes decisions necessary
for defining and implementing it (Council
Conclusions)
14EU CFSP Actors and competences
- The member states
- - implement the CFSP together with the HR/VP
- Art. 24.3 The Member States shall support the
Union's external and security policy actively and
unreservedly in a spirit of loyalty and mutual
solidarity and shall comply with the Union's
action in this area. - The Member States shall work together to enhance
and develop their mutual political solidarity.
They shall refrain from any action which is
contrary to the interests of the Union or likely
to impair its effectiveness as a cohesive force
in international relations.
15EU CFSP Actors and competences
- The Commission
- With the exception of CFSP, shall ensure the
Union's external representation (i.e. it is
responsible for "external action", including
trade, development aid, humanitarian assistance,
enlargement, neighbourhood policy).
16EU CFSP Actors and competences
- The Parliament
- - is consulted and may address questions or make
recommendations to the Council or the HR. The HR
"shall ensure that the views of the EP are duly
taken into consideration".
17EU CFSP Actors and competences
- The High Representative / Vice President
- Art. 27
- The High Representative of the Union for Foreign
Affairs and Security Policy, who shall chair the
Foreign Affairs Council, shall contribute through
his proposals to the development of the common
foreign and security policy and shall ensure
implementation of the decisions adopted by the
European Council and the Council. - The High Representative shall represent the Union
for matters relating to the common foreign and
security policy. He shall conduct political
dialogue with third parties on the Union's behalf
and shall express the Union's position in
international organisations and at international
conferences.
18EU CFSP Actors and competences
- The High Representative / Vice President
- High representative CFSP (Javier Solana)
- Vice President external action (Benita
Ferrero-Waldner) - Presidency (rotating Member States)
19EU CFSP Actors and competences
- Key new developments after Lisbon
- Coherence between CFSP and External Action
- Presidency functions
- Foreign Affairs Council, Political and Security
Committee, Working Groups, local coordination - Speaking with one voice statements, demarches,
international organizations - Permanent Presidency agenda setting,
consistency, coherence.
20EU CFSP Tools and priorities
- Tools
- Art. 27.3 In fulfilling his mandate, the High
Representative shall be assisted by a European
External Action Service. This service shall work
in cooperation with the diplomatic services of
the Member States and shall comprise officials
from relevant departments of the General
Secretariat of the Council and of the Commission
as well as staff seconded from national
diplomatic services of the Member States.
21EU CFSP Tools and priorities
- The EEAS
- Fully autonomous body of the EU (i.e. neither an
institution, nor part of the Commission) - Under the authority of the HR/VP
- Made up of a central administration and of EU
Delegations to third countries and international
organizations.
22EU CFSP Tools and priorities
- The EEAS
- Supports the HR/VP in her three capacities CFSP
and CSDP President of the FAC Vice President of
the Commission - Assists the President of the European Council,
the President of the Commission and the
Commission - Shall support, and work in cooperation with, the
diplomatic services of the Member States, as well
as with the General Secretariat of the Council
and the services of the Commission.
23EU CFSP Tools and priorities
- Priorities
- The neighbourhood, where the EU has all of the
policies and instruments at its disposal to
effect lasting change - The Comprehensive Approach which makes the EU
uniquely able to tackle all aspects of a foreign
policy issue - Those international issues where only the EU's
collective weight allow us to play a lead role in
today's globalised world.
24EU CFSP after the Lisbon Treaty what's new?
- A more ambitious agenda.
- A more coherent decision-making process.
- Better and more integrated tools.
25Outline what we are going to talk about
- EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
after the Lisbon Treaty. - The EU at the UN why is this forum of particular
relevance? - The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
26The EU at the United Nations
- Why is it crucial?
- EU in action UNGA
- EU in action UNSC
27The EU at the United Nations
- Why is it crucial?
- Shared values and goals
- Partnership
- Speaking with one voice.
28The EU at the United Nations
- Shared values and goals
- Art. 21 The Union shall promote multilateral
solutions to common problems, in particular in
the framework of the United Nations. - The UN and/or the UN Charters are mentioned in
Articles 3.5, 21.1, 21.2, 34, 42.
29The EU at the United Nations
- Shared values and goals
- CHAPTER VIII REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
- Article 52
- Nothing in the present Charter precludes the
existence of regional arrangements or agencies
for dealing with such matters relating to the
maintenance of international peace and security
as are appropriate for regional action provided
that such arrangements or agencies and their
activities are consistent with the Purposes and
Principles of the United Nations. - The Members of the United Nations entering into
such arrangements or constituting such agencies
shall make every effort to achieve pacific
settlement of local disputes through such
regional arrangements or by such regional
agencies before referring them to the Security
Council. - The Security Council shall encourage the
development of pacific settlement of local
disputes through such regional arrangements or by
such regional agencies either on the initiative
of the states concerned or by reference from the
Security Council. - This Article in no way impairs the application of
Articles 34 and 35. - Article 53
- The Security Council shall, where appropriate,
utilize such regional arrangements or agencies
for enforcement action under its authority. But
no enforcement action shall be taken under
regional arrangements or by regional agencies
without the authorization of the Security
Council, with the exception of measures against
any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of
this Article, provided for pursuant to Article
107 or in regional arrangements directed against
renewal of aggressive policy on the part of any
such state, until such time as the Organization
may, on request of the Governments concerned, be
charged with the responsibility for preventing
further aggression by such a state. - The term enemy state as used in paragraph 1 of
this Article applies to any state which during
the Second World War has been an enemy of any
signatory of the present Charter. - Article 54
- The Security Council shall at all times be kept
fully informed of activities undertaken or in
contemplation under regional arrangements or by
regional agencies for the maintenance of
international peace and security.
30The EU at the United Nations
- Shared values and goals
- Art. 1 of the UN Charter
- The Purposes of the United Nations are
- To maintain international peace and security, and
to that end to take effective collective
measures for the prevention and removal of
threats to the peace, and for the suppression of
acts of aggression or other breaches of the
peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and
in conformity with the principles of justice and
international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might
lead to a breach of the peace - To develop friendly relations among nations based
on respect for the principle of equal rights and
self-determination of peoples, and to take other
appropriate measures to strengthen universal
peace - To achieve international co-operation in solving
international problems of an economic, social,
cultural, or humanitarian character, and in
promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or
religion and - To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of
nations in the attainment of these common ends.
31The EU at the United Nations
- The Union shall define and pursue common policies
and actions, and shall work for a high degree of
cooperation in all fields of international
relations, in order to - (a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests,
security, independence and integrity - (b) consolidate and support democracy, the rule
of law, human rights and the principles of
international law - (c) preserve peace, prevent conflicts and
strengthen international security, in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the United
Nations Charter, with the principles of the
Helsinki Final Act and with the aims of the
Charter of Paris, including those relating to
external borders - (d) foster the sustainable economic, social and
environmental development of developing
countries, with the primary aim of eradicating
poverty - (e) encourage the integration of all countries
into the world economy, including through the
progressive abolition of restrictions on
international trade - (f) help develop international measures to
preserve and improve the quality of the
environment and the sustainable management of
global natural resources, in order to ensure
sustainable development - (g) assist populations, countries and regions
confronting natural or man-made disasters and - (h) promote an international system based on
stronger multilateral cooperation and good - global governance.
- The Purposes of the United Nations are
- To maintain international peace and security, and
to that end to take effective collective
measures for the prevention and removal of
threats to the peace, and for the suppression of
acts of aggression or other breaches of the
peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and
in conformity with the principles of justice and
international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might
lead to a breach of the peace - To develop friendly relations among nations based
on respect for the principle of equal rights and
self-determination of peoples, and to take other
appropriate measures to strengthen universal
peace - To achieve international co-operation in solving
international problems of an economic, social,
cultural, or humanitarian character, and in
promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or
religion and - To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of
nations in the attainment of these common ends.
32EU CFSP Tools and priorities
- Priorities
- The neighbourhood, where the EU has all of the
policies and instruments at its disposal to
effect lasting change - The Comprehensive Approach which makes the EU
uniquely able to tackle all aspects of a foreign
policy issue - Those international issues where only the EU's
collective weight allow us to play a lead role in
today's globalised world.
33The EU at the United Nations
- Partnership
- The EU and its Member States collectively are the
single largest financial contributor to the UN
system - 35 of the UN regular budget
- 36.8 of the UN peacekeeping budgets
- about one-half of all the voluntary contributions
to UN funds and programmes - The European Commission alone contributed more
than 1.5 billion in support of UN external
assistance programmes and projects in 2013?.
34The EU at the United Nations
- Partnership
- Political Affairs (regular consultations, PSC,
cooperation on the ground, mediation) - Peace and Security - Peacekeeping (Steering
Committee, EU CSDP, financial resources) - Peacebuilding (PBC, cooperation on the ground)
- Development
- Humanitarian affairs
- Human rights.
35The EU at the United Nations
- Speaking with one voice
- Art. 27 The HR shall express the Union's
position in international organisations and at
international conferences.
36The EU at the United Nations
- Speaking with one voice
- European integration means shared values, shared
interests and shared goals - Even individual priorities can be leveraged in a
truly global approach - Size matters 28 member states, half a billion
people, 17 trillion USD GDP).
37The EU at the United Nations
- Speaking with one voice
- 6 candidate countries (Albania, FYR of Macedonia,
Iceland, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey) - 1 potential candidate (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- 3 EFTA countries (Liechtenstein, Norway,
Switzerland) - 5 Eastern Partnership countries (Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine) - 3 European "micro-states" (Andorra, Monaco, San
Marino) - Block of potentially 46 countries (almost a
fourth of the UN membership) possible
like-minded (JUSCANZ for instance).
38The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNGA
- Art. 34.1 Member States shall coordinate their
action in international organisations and at
international conferences. They shall uphold the
Union's positions in such forums. The High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs
and Security Policy shall organise this
coordination.
39The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNGA
- Going back to the question, why is it crucial?
- Unity is on the line every day. No hiding at the
UN votes, statements, outreach.
40The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNGA
- Some numbers
- In 2013, 1313 meetings took place at the EU
Delegation. That is an average of 5 meetings a
day. - From September 1, 2013 to September 1, 2014, 218
statements were made. - In 2013, the EU was united on 92 of the
resolutions adopted by the UNGA.
41The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNGA
- EU new enhanced status at the UNGA on 3 May
2011, the UNGA adopted resolution 65/276 (180 Y,
2 Abst) - 1. The representatives of the European Union,
in order to present positions of the European
Union and its member States as agreed by them,
shall be - (a) Allowed to be inscribed on the list of
speakers among representatives of major groups,
in order to make interventions - (b) Invited to participate in the general debate
of the General Assembly, in accordance with the
order of precedence as established in the
practice for participating observers and the
level of participation - (c) Permitted to have its communications relating
to the sessions and work of the General Assembly
and to the sessions and work of all international
meetings and conferences convened under the
auspices of the Assembly and of United Nations
conferences, circulated directly, and without
intermediary, as documents of the Assembly,
meeting or conference - (d) Also permitted to present proposals and
amendments orally as agreed by the States members
of the European Union such proposals and
amendments shall be put to a vote only at the
request of a Member State - (e) Allowed to exercise the right of reply
regarding positions of the European Union as
decided by the presiding officer such right of
reply shall be restricted to one intervention per
item. - 2. The representatives of the European Union
shall be ensured seating among the observers.
42The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNGA
- Resolution 65/276 interesting in confirming a
pattern - Resistance to the EU's new role
- The reality of EU's new role makes for a
successful incremental and pragmatic approach.
43The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNGA
- Five priorities for this year's General Assembly
of the United Nations. - Promotion of peace and security
- Sustainable Development (follow-up and
implementation of the Rio 20 outcome, SDGs and
post-2015 development framework) - Human Rights
- Strengthening the effectiveness of the UN
(management, peacekeeping, field support,
financial sustainability of the Organization) - Strengthening of the international humanitarian
system.
44The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNGA
- Growth pains from the statements war to the EU
Delegation's coordinating role in the Fifth
Committee. - The EU at its best moratorium of the death
penalty, rights of LGBT people, freedom of
religion and belief. - Managing divisions the Palestinian question,
sexual health and reproductive rights.
45The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNSC
- Art. 34.2 In accordance with Article 24(3),
Member States represented in international
organisations or international conferences where
not all the Member States participate shall keep
the other Member States and the High
Representative informed of any matter of common
interest. - Member States which are also members of the
United Nations Security Council will concert and
keep the other Member States and the High
Representative fully informed. Member States
which are members of the Security Council will,
in the execution of their functions, defend the
positions and the interests of the Union, without
prejudice to their responsibilities under the
provisions of the United Nations Charter. - When the Union has defined a position on a
subject which is on the United Nations Security
Council agenda, those Member States which sit on
the Security Council shall request that the High
Representative be invited to present the Union's
position.
46The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNSC
- A European seat? The reform of the Security
Council and the European Union. - Permanent Members a curse and/or a blessing?
- The reality of EU's new role makes for a
successful incremental and pragmatic approach.
47The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNSC
- The pragmatic approach
- Art. 34 meetings.
- Informal briefings/meetings read-outs.
- EU UNSC members luncheons.
- Information-sharing cables and EEAS-prepared
briefings. - Lobbying and demarches.
- Towards a single point of contact.
48The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNSC
- The reality of the EU role in peace and security
- Regular briefings by the HRVP (four times since
her appointment). - In 2013, the EU delivered 27 statements in the
UNSC under Rule 39 of the UNSC provisional rules
of procedure ("The Security Council may invite
members of the Secretariat or other persons, whom
it considers competent for the purpose, to supply
it with information or to give other assistance
in examining matters within its competence") .
49The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNSC
- The reality of the EU role in peace and security
PRST 2014/4 adopted by the UNSC on 14 February
2014 (under the Presidency of Lithuania),
underlining the EU's role in - Iran nuclear file (EU/E33)
- Western Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo)
- International peacekeeping, peacebuilding,
humanitarian assistance - Combating piracy off the coast of Somalia
(ATALANTA, EUCAP-Nestor) - Somalia (EUTM-Somalia and financial support to
AMISOM) - Central African Republic (EUFOR-CAR)
- Mali (EUTM-Mali) and Sahel (EU Strategy for
Security and Development in the Sahel and EUCAP
SAHEL Niger Mission) - Syria (humanitarian assistance, support to Joint
UN-OPCW Mission, role in the Action Group) - Middle East Peace Process (Quartet)
- Afghanistan (EUPOL Afghanistan and European
Gendarmerie Force) - Promoting development cooperation, promotion and
protection of human rights and fundamental
freedoms - Protection of civilians, children and armed
conflict, and women peace and security - Justice, rule of law, and accountability
50The EU at the United Nations
- EU in action UNSC
- The reality of the EU role in peace and security.
The EU is mentioned also in UNSC Resolutions
dealing with - The Ebola crisis
- Libya
- Guinea Bissau
- Haiti
- And the EU is an active player in other crises
and items on the Council's agenda, such as - Ukraine
- Yemen
- Iraq
- Sudan
- South Sudan
- DRC
- Cote d'Ivoire
- Counter-terrorism
51The EU at the United Nations
- Going back to the original question is the EU at
the UN more than the sum of its members? - The answer has to be a resounding YES.
52The EU at the United Nations
- The EU is a (the) major player in the UNGA.
- The EU Delegation, as a Permanent Presidency, has
ensured consistency, long-term planning, and a
continued process of lessons learning. - Also, the EU Delegation has become a single point
of contact for all UNGA-related business, "the
face of the EU at the UN". - The EU voice is clearly heard and perceived in
the membership. - No single member state (not even the USA) could
yield such influence. - Cooperation with the EU-28 leverages EU assets.
- While resistance to the enhanced EU role
continues, its undeniable reality is increasingly
affirming it every day.
53The EU at the United Nations
- The UNSC is a completely different forum,
dominated by the P-5 and driven by the P-3. - The unique nature of the UNSC and the presence of
two EU permanent members make for a different EU
role. - At the same time, the EU is a consistent voice in
the UNSC and a necessary partner for the UNSC to
implement its decisions. - No silver bullet, but an inevitable growing
influence.
54The EU at the United Nations
- In one sentence
- Less than 5 years after the Lisbon Treaty (1
December 2009), less than 4 years after the
launch of the EEAS (1 December 2010), and 3 years
and a half after the EU achieved enhanced status
at the UNGA (3 May 2011), it is already
absolutely impossible to imagine the UN without
the single coordinated EU voice projected by the
EU Delegation.
55Outline what we are going to talk about
- EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
after the Lisbon Treaty. - The EU at the UN why is this forum of particular
relevance? - The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
56The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- Kissinger "Who do I call if I want to call
Europe?" - Criticizing the lack of an effective common EU
foreign policy is a popular exercise. Is it also
(still) an accurate one?
57The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- Critics often manage to both overestimate and
underestimate the EU CFSP. - Overestimate the EU is not a state and and does
not act as one the EU is not a superpower the
EU is not a monolith. - Underestimate the EU is not a simple
international organization or alliance and does
not act as one the EU remains a normative power
and a necessary player division is more
eye-grabbing, but unity is the norm.
58The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- Two success stories
- Western Balkans
- Slovenia and Croatia are EU members
- Brussels Agreement (19 April 2013) between Serbia
and Kosovo - Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Albania, FYR of Macedonia and Montenegro are
candidate countries - Iran
- HR/VP Ashton leading role in the negotiations
59The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- One work in progress
- Building the EEAS.
- EEAS Review 2013 (relations with the EC
deputising for the HR/VP) - Diplomatic network, the "legacy" effect
- Creating a distinct European diplomatic culture
- Building a global actor in times of financial
crisis
60The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- Two mixed bags
- Ukraine
- The challenge of facing Russia
- Middle East Peace Process
- Payer not player
- The EU and the viability of the two-state
solution - The unglamorous everyday job of bridging gaps and
forging unity
61The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- Two not so-successful stories
- Arab Spring and Syria
- The limits of the EU reach
- The importance of coordination
- Strategic partnerships
- It takes 2 (or 30) to tango
62The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- And the too easily ignored technical files
- Development
- Promotion and protection of human rights
- Humanitarian assistance
- Trade policy
- CSDP missions
63The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- Going back to Kissinger, is there somebody on the
other side of the line? - Yes, there is. The High Representative is an
established global player supported by an
increasingly strong diplomatic service. - But the road to build a strong CFSP is still long
64The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- The importance of the pragmatic approach
- The CFSP needs to provide added value, balancing
ambition and realism - European diplomacy is a system, made of the EEAS
and the member states' diplomatic services.
65The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- The case for added value, and ambitious realism.
- The Western Balkans and the perspective of
European integration. - Iran, or when asked, be ready.
- Egypt, the importance of trying.
- The Middle East Peace Process, the risk of
finding oneself alone. - The strategic partnerships and the need for
unity.
66The EEAS and the post-Lisbon CFSP a first
appraisal.
- The European diplomacy is a system, made of the
EEAS and the member states' diplomatic services. - Increase the buy-in of member states and the
value of the EEAS "production". - Find a synthesis between "Big" and "Smalls",
"Eastern" and "Western", "Northern" and
"Southern".
67Conclusion
- In a globalised, "neo-Westphalian", and
increasingly multipolar world, the EU and the 28
member states need, and will increasingly need,
an effective and ambitious common foreign and
security policy to preserve their role in the
world and to maintain the European Union as a
"force for the good" in the world.
68Conclusion
- The CFSP architecture will continue to evolve to
better respond to these evolving (and increasing)
needs. - As all efforts in European integration, it will
be a trial and error exercise, which will face
challenges, opposition and resistance, inside and
outside Europe.
69Conclusion
- As in the past, also this European enterprise
will succeed insomuch as it will be able to prove
that it can deliver goods at the European level
that cannot be delivered at lower levels.
70Conclusion
- Above all, the development of the CFSP as the
progress of the European integration overall
will depend on the sustained ambition by
Europeans to continue building a stronger,
better, more integrated Continent.