India and Its Neighbors

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Chapter 14

• India and Its Neighbors

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Section 1 History

• p. 403-407

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Warm Up Questions

• Whose reign signaled the beginning of the Mughal
  Empire?
• How and where did the Religion of Islam first
  arrive in South Asia?
• How did Islam spread into India?

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Islam

• Muslims from Arabia (where is Arabia?) conquered
  northwest India
• These people are called Arabs
• As a result, many people converted to Islam
• Pakistan, Afghanistan etc..
• 11th century(1000-1099) Turkish Muslims from
  present day Afghanistan, attacked NW India
• Replaced the Arabs as rulers of this land
• Their land extended all the way to the Deccan
  Plateau

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Mughal Empire

• 1526 Babur invaded India with his army
• Eventually controlled northern India and west
  into Afghanistan
• His reign is the beginning of the Mughal Empire
• To strengthen his empire
• Involved local leaders in govt
• Built trade routes

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Babur

• Was a great warrior, and master of war strategy
• A ruthless and supreme ruler, who felt he was
  only answerable to god
• BUT
• Was also a poet and understood that war was wrong
• He understood that you had to include the people
  you conquered in the decision making process or
  you would have difficulty ruling them
• Kept a detailed diary of his life known as
• Baburnama

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Baburnama

• 1st autobiography in the Islamic world
• What is an autobiography?
• Some call it his memoirs detailed 40 years of
  his adventures, ideas, and opinions
• He is very detailed, descriptive, and observant
  in his writings
• Written by Babur himself
• Widely considered one of the classics of world
  literature

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Excerpt from Baburnama

• 'It is a superb place. All around the area are
  many flowing streams. The citadel is located atop
  a hill, and inside it a huge reservoir has been
  carved from rock. .The houses of the rich and
  poor alike are made of stone. Those of the
  grandees are elaborately carved, but the ordinary
  people's are not. The roofs are made of stone
  instead of tile. Chanderi lies ninety kos to the
  south of Agra. There the north star is at
  twenty-five degrees elevation.
• Wrote this after conquering Chanderi

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Babur cont..

• Captured his empire due to his ability to access
  gunpowder
• Was in short supply for his enemies, but not for
  him
• Ready to rule for a long timebut
• 1530 died suddenly--throne left to his son
• He aid the groundwork for the Mughal Dynasty to
  flourish

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Akbar the Great

• Ruled from 1556-1605
• Grandson of Babur
• Strong-willed, fearless, and cruel
• BUT
• Just, and compassionate
• Under his rule
• Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth
• Created a powerful army
• Instituted effective political and social reforms
• Created a library containing 24,000 volumes
• Each translated into a different language so all
  his subjects could read them

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Akbar and the Hindus

• Treated Hindus as equal--he was Muslim
• Abolished a tax that was specific to all Hindus
• Gave them high ranking military and political
  positions
• Had Hindu literature translated
• Participated in Hindu festivals
• Even married a Hindu princess
• Understood that in order for his kingdom to
  maintain peace, all religions had to cooperate
  with each other
• Tried to create one universal religion (combining
  Islamic and Hindu beliefs)

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Akbars Red Fort

• In the capital city of Agra, near the Yamuna
  River, he built his fort/castle
• Part fort, part castle, it was completed in only
  8 years
• Made with red sandstonehence the name Red Fort
• Had over 500 rooms
• Outer walls had 2 huge gates, flanked by 2
  towers, and were 40 feet high
• Inner wall is 70 feet high, with turrets for guns
  and cannons
• Surrounded by 2 moats
• 1 water moat contained alligators
• 1 dry moat contained tigers

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Akbar

• Died on Oct 27, 1605 due to a stomach illness
• Known for promoting exceptional harmony between
  Hindus and Muslims.
• Practiced acceptance of all religions
• Did not attempt to become the head of a new
  religion.

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End of the Mughal Empire

• It all started when.
• 1600 Queen Elizabeth I of England gave trading
  rights to the East India Company in India and SE
  Asia
• A joint stock company made up of English
  merchants, designed to trade with the Indians
• Mughal emperors agreed to allow them to set up
  factories
• Shipped spices, tea, cotton, silk, indigo (a
  dye), sugar, and ingredients for gunpowder

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The End cont..

• 1707 Aurangzeb died--last of the great Mughal
  emperors
• No emperor could hold power after his death
• 18th century Invaders plundered India and
  destroyed Delhi multiple times
• 1764 Battle of Buxar
• British defeat the Mughal army and effectively
  take over
• 1804 British East India Company became official
  rules of India
• The Shah, Persian for King, asked for their
  protection

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