Ammonia and Particulate matter emissions from animal feeding operations

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Ammonia and Particulate matter emissions from
animal feeding operations

• Pius Ndegwa
• Nutrient Management Air Quality Specialist
• Biological Systems Engineering
• Washington State University

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Outline

1. Background
2. EPA-Industry collaboration Birth of NAEMS
3. After NAEMS?
4. Outreach Programs and Activities

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Background

• Prior to year 2000, EPA was mainly concerned on
  the impact of animal feeding operations (AFOs) on
  water comprehensive nutrient managements.
• In 2000, pressure from citizens and environmental
  groups forced EPA to start enforcing two federal
  air quality laws in AFOs for select pollutants
  including PM10 PM2.5, non-methane VOCs, H2S,
  and NH3.
• PM10 PM2.5 and non-methane VOCs emissions as
  criteria air pollutants are enforced under the
  U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1990.

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Background

• Notification requirements for certain quantities
  of NH3 and H2S emissions enforceable under the
  Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the
  Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
  Act (EPCRA).

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Background Criteria pollutants

• The six criteria pollutants potentially harmful
  to human health currently regulated (by EPA)
  under the Clean Air Act are
• Sulfur Dioxide - SO2
• Nitrogen Dioxide - NO2
• Ozone (important precursors - VOCs NOx)
• Particulate matter PM10 PM2.5
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Lead

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  Primary Standards Primary Standards Secondary Standards Secondary Standards
Pollutant Level Averaging Time Level Averaging Time
Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm (10 mg/m3) 8-hour None None
Carbon Monoxide 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) 1-hour None None
Lead 1.5 µg/m3 Quarterly Average Same as Primary Same as Primary
Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 ppm (100 µg/m3) Annual (Arithmetic Mean) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Particulate Matter (PM10) 150 µg/m3 24-hour Same as Primary Same as Primary
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 15.0 µg/m3 Annual (Arithmetic Mean) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 35 µg/m3 24-hour Same as Primary Same as Primary
Ozone 0.075 ppm (2008 std) 8-hour Same as Primary Same as Primary
Ozone 0.08 ppm (1997 std) 8-hour Same as Primary Same as Primary
Ozone 0.12 ppm 1-hour (Applies only in limited areas) Same as Primary Same as Primary
Sulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppm Annual (Arithmetic Mean) 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m3) 3-hour
Sulfur Dioxide 0.14 ppm 24-hour 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m3) 3-hour

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Other EPA Legislations for Air Quality relevant
to AFOs

• CERCLA (1980) Comprehensive Environmental
  Response, Compensation and Liability Act.
• EPCRA (1986) Emergency Planning and Community
  Right-To-Know Act.
• Currently H2S and NH3 emissions of gt 100 lb/day
  must be reported!

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Background

• However, the EPA found it difficult to determine
  which AFOs are in violation of these regulations
  because of the lack of reliable science based
  emissions data.
• In addition, there was considerable concern
  within the agricultural community, who contended
  that the current emission estimates for AFOs were
  based on data from studies that were outdated or
  did not represent modern livestock practices.
• A National Research Council panel commissioned by
  National Academy of Sciences for EPA to assess
  the state-of-science arrived at similar
  conclusions and recommended that EPA improve its
  methods of estimating emissions from AFOs
  (National Research Council, 2003).

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NRC (2003) Evaluation of the Potential Importance
of AFO Emissions at Different Spatial Scales
Emissions Global, National, Regional Local Property Line or Nearest Dwelling Primary Effects of Concern
NH3 Major Minor Atmospheric deposition, haze
N2O Significant Insignificant Global climate change
NOx Significant Minor Haze, atmospheric deposition, smog
CH4 Significant Insignificant Global climate change
VOCs Insignificant Minor Quality of human life
H2S Insignificant Significant Quality of human life
PM10 Insignificant Significant Haze
PM2.5 Insignificant Significant Health, haze
Odor Insignificant Major Quality of human life

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Background

• Emission data is
• Scarce
• Highly variable
• Lack of representative credible data!
• For some type of operations, credible
  measurements protocols and methodologies need to
  be developed.
• Mechanical ventilated barns (well developed and
  straightforward methods)
• Naturally ventilated barns - almost no data
  exist.

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EPA-Industry collaboration NAEMS

• In response to the NRC recommendations and the
  AFOs concerns, in January 2005, EPA developed Air
  Quality Compliance Agreement (Consent Agreement).
• Producers would fund a national study to
  determine who was in violation and would be
  required to comply with legislation based on this
  study.
• This Consent Agreement would protect producers
  from enforcement prior to or while research is
  being conducted (only those who signed the
  consent agreement though).

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EPA-Industry collaboration NAEMS

• Under the Consent Agreement (Jan. 2005) A
  National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS)
  will be conducted
• To collect credible emission data (NH3, H2S,
  VOCs, PM2.5 PM10 ),
• Analyze the monitoring results, and
• Create tools (tables and models) to be used for
  determining emissions.
• Goal to determine if an AFO emits pollutants at
  a level which requires them to apply for permits
  under the CAA, or submit notifications under
  CERCLA or EPCRA

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EPA-Industry collaboration NAEMS
Heber, 2008
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EPA-Industry collaboration NAEMS

• In this study, the same instrumentation,
  protocols, and quality assurance and quality
  control methods are applied to all species.
• Study is being conducted in different climatic or
  geographic areas to reflect different production
  systems.
• Current Status NAEMS is in its second year. We
  have four sites in the West two dairies (WA and
  CA), Two poultry (both in CA).

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Washington NAEMS site Aerial photo of the site
Primary Ponds
Separator and settling basins
Secondary Pond
Barns
Research barns
Milking Parlors
Sick Bay
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Washington NAEMS site Barn Description
Feed Alley and Open Ridge
Open Walls
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Washington NAEMS site On-site instrument shelter
Shelter
Heated raceway
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Washington NAEMS site Monitored barns
600 cows
800 cows
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Side and end view of one of the barn
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Washington NAEMS Instruments placement and
sampling
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Some Results diurnal variation of the natural
ventilation for barn 2

• The air inflow showed some discrepancy from the
  air outflow from the barn.
• The trends are nevertheless similar during the
  entire day indicating the credibility of the
  sonic anemometer measurements.

• The average of the inflow and outflow thus
  results in a more reasonable measurement of the
  ventilation rates during various times of the day

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Some Results Typical diurnal variation of the
natural ventilation for barn 2

• Ventilation rates correlated well with wind
  velocity and ambient temperature.

• Wind direction is NE to SW which is consistent
  with observed ventilation, where air inflows are
  the N and E walls while the outflows are
  generally from the S and W walls.

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Conclusion

• Based on the mass balance of air inflow and
  outflow from NV barn, this approach can be used
  to accurately estimate the ventilation of the NV
  barns which is ½ the work done!
• Why? The ventilation can then be coupled with the
  concentrations of the various gases of interest
  at the inflow and outflow to determine emissions
  fluxes from the barns.
• Cant share the emission fluxes has not
  authority!

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After NAEMS?

• By at least 2011 all livestock farms identified
  as sources of pollution will have to comply with
• The Clean Air Act (CAA)
• The Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)
• The Emergency Planning and Community Right to
  Know Act (EPCRA).
• Mitigation Studies are expected to commence once
  emission studies are completed.

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What else is going on? - Outreach Programs and
Activities

• Western Region Odor and Air Quality Education
  Program
• A collaboration between five universities in the
  western US to develop and deliver a comprehensive
  odor and air quality education program to
  frontline extension professionals
• In partnership with

Producer Organizations
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Outreach Programs and Activities

• Workshop Curriculum
• Lesson 1a - Dairy Air Regulations in California
• Lesson 1b - Air Quality Legislation in Oregon
  Washington
• Lesson 2 - Measuring Livestock Odors
• Lesson 3 - Odor Mitigation Strategies (BMPS)
• Lesson 4 - Ammonia Measurements Techniques
• Lesson 5 - Ammonia Mitigation Strategies (BMPs)
• Lesson 6 - VOCs Measurement Techniques
• Lesson 7 - VOCs Mitigation Strategies (BMPs)
• Lesson 8 - H2S Measurements and BMPs
• Lesson 9 - Particulates Measurements Techniques
• Lesson 10 - Particulates Mitigation Strategies
  (BMPs)
• Lesson 11 - Dietary Changes for Air Quality
• Lesson 12 - Greenhouse Gasses and Carbon Credits

Frank Mitloehner
Mario E. de Haro Martí
Michael Gamroth
Rober Hagevoort
Pius Ndegwa Joe Harrison
http//bsyse.wsu.edu/WOAQ/
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Questions?