Note Taking

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Note Taking
The Cornell Method

• Other methods
• Outlining
• Mapping
• Charting
• Sentence writing

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American Beginnings
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The First Americans

• The original discovery and settlement of America
  occurred possibly 40,000 years before Columbus
  set sail
• European discovery and settlement of the Americas
  began a process of globalization with historic
  consequences

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Pre-Columbian America

• Cultures of the Americas were mostly small
  settlements
• Central American cultures more sophisticated
  (agricultural societies)
• Exploration triggered by technology, religion,
  trade and strong nation-states

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Early Exploration Conquest

• Columbus sailed in October of 1492 (reached San
  Salvador)
• Treaty of Tordesillas established by the Pope in
  1493 (divide discoveries)
• Spaniards searched for gold
• Spaniards conquered the Native Americans and
  incorporated a rigid social structure

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English Exploration Colonization

• Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 opened the
  seas for England
• John Cabot, Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh
  explored settled the Atlantic Coast of North
  America
• First Colonies struggled for survival
• Jamestown survived and thrived due to the
  cultivation of tobacco

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Early English Settlements

• Virginia established by a joint-stock company
  (Roanoke 1588, Jamestown 1607)
• Plymouth established by Separatists seeking
  religious freedom (their survival was ensured by
  local Indians)
• Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by
  Puritans fleeing persecution by King Charles

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Early Political Institutions

• Majority Rule (Mayflower Compact, 1620)
• Representative Government (Virginia House of
  Burgesses, 1620)
• Limitations on democracy (voting restrictions
  favored land-owning males)

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Important Documents

• Mayflower Compact an early form of
  representative government and a rudimentary
  constitution
• The Letters of Columbus to Queen Isabella first
  European observations of the Americas that shows
  the general attitude toward Native American
  culture.

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The English Colonies

• 13 Colonies established along the Atlantic Coast
  beginning in 1607
• Three types of colonial charters corporate,
  royal and proprietary
• English settlers brought independent traditions
  of government to the colonies and eventually
  created a separate distinct identity

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Chesapeake Colonies

• Religious tolerance and labor shortages were key
  issues
• Maryland developed first as a haven for Catholics
  became more like Virginia
• Tobacco farmers in conflict with Native Americans
  established the head-right system (to lure
  workers)

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New England

• Development based on the efforts of the Puritans
• Roger Williams established Rhode Island as a
  haven for dissenters (sewer colony)
• Connecticut established by disgruntled Puritans
• New Hampshire broken away from Mass. By King
  Charles for political reasons
• Half-Way covenant weakened the Puritan Church

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Restoration Colonies

• Established after the English Civil War (1660s)
• Carolinas granted to 8 Nobles by King Charles
  (divided in 1729)
• New York taken from the Dutch (1664)
• New Jersey broken off from NY by King James
  (1664)
• Pennsylvania established by William Penn (Quaker
  haven)
• Delaware created by Penn (1702)

King Charles I
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The Last Colony

• Georgia Established in 1732
• Received direct support from the King
• James Oglethorpe wanted a haven for debtors
• Served as a buffer against Spanish invasion
• Original prohibition of slavery

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Colonial Economics

• Mercantilism was practiced by most European
  Nations to maximize colonial profits
• Mercantilism had positive and negative effects on
  Colonial economies
• Enforcement of Mercantilist laws eventually led
  to resentment resistance
• Slavery established as a solution to labor
  shortages
• Triangular trade increased the profitability of
  slavery

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Important Documents

• The New England Confederation of 1643- early
  attempt at colonial unity (dissolved in 1684)
• The Penn Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union
  both attempted to create cooperation among the
  colonies

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Colonial Society

• The English Colonies developed into a unique
  society by the mid-1700s
• Population Increased diversified, religion
  brought social changes
• Government communication influenced the growing
  independence movement

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Old Immigration

• Increased greatly after 1700
• Diversity of Europeans Africans
• Came for various reasons

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English Domination

• English culture dominated (language, religion,
  traditions)
• Self-government, religious toleration,
  non-hereditary aristocracy and social mobility
  fixed in society
• The colonial family was the economic and social
  center
• White wealth helped a few men dominate society

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Colonial Economics

• Developed around trade and farming (Mercantilism)
• Logging, ship-building, fishing and trade
  dominated New England
• Large productive farms and small manufacturing in
  the Middle Colonies
• South depended heavily on agriculture with a
  feudal social structure

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Colonial Religion

• Dominated by Protestantism (Anglicans
  Congregationalists)
• Great Awakening started in 1730s, influenced
  independent thinking and Colonial unity
• Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield best known
  preachers (pre-destination)

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Colonial Achievements

• Architecture, printing, literature and science
• Education played a limited role (privileged
  culture)
• Professionals gradually increased their prestige
  (doctors, lawyers)
• The press helped circulate new ideas and
  information

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Important Documents

• The sermon on Loyalty and Freedom by Jonathan
  Mayhew that provided a rational for airing
  grievances with the government
• John Lockes Treatise on Government helped cement
  the idea of government by consent of the people.

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The Road to Revolution

• British colonial policy began to change
  dramatically
• More aggressive tax collection and trade law
  enforcement
• Colonists began to rebel against the Royal
  assertion of power

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Colonial Wars

• Wars between colonial powers broke out in the
  17th century (1689-1763)
• Wars took on a global scope (Europe, India and
  America)
• King Williams War, Queen Annes War King
  Georges War, and the War of Jenkins Ear (all
  prior to 1754)

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The French and Indian War

• Fought between France, Great Britain and Indian
  allies 1754-1763
• Battled for control of the Ohio River Valley
  (Washington helped start it)
• British did poorly at first but committed more
  troops and money and eventually won
• British attained unchallenged North American
  superiority and naval power

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Colonial Control

• Salutary Neglect (loose enforcement of trade
  laws) abandoned in favor of stronger control
• Pontiacs Rebellion led to the creation of the
  Proclamation Line of 1763 (angered land-hungry
  colonists)

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Actions and Reactions

• The Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act,
  Declaratory Act, Townshend Acts Intolerable
  Acts all met with colonial resentment and
  defiance (attempts at paying off debt)
• Parliament repealed most of the laws but each
  fueled the argument for liberty (propaganda)

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Boston Tea Party, 1773
Burning of the HMS Gaspee, 1772
Boston Massacre, 1770
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Revolutionary Foundations

• Ideas of the Enlightenment (consent of the
  governed, natural rights)
• Religious ideas (divine intervention, Deism)
• Rationalism and Humanism

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Important Documents

• Stamp Act Congress Resolutions (1765)
  emphasized strong belief in consent of the
  governed
• Thomas Paines Common Sense -became a widely read
  argument for declaring independence and
  justifying a revolt