ENJOY LIFE!

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ENJOY LIFE!

• Live life so completely that when death comes to
  you like a thief in the night, there will be
  nothing left for him to steal.
• -unknown

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CHAPTER 1

• Introduction to Anatomy Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• All the parts of an animals body are simply like
  components to a machine.
• These components include
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems
• As future RVTs it is your responsibility to
  adequately understand this machine and how it
  works in order to effectively care for it.
• We must be able to differentiate normal from
  abnormal.

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Anatomy and Physiology

• _______________-deals with the form and structure
  of the body and its parts.
• What it looks like and where it is located
• ________________- deals with the function of the
  body and its parts.
• How things work and what they do

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Types of Anatomy

• __________________________anatomy of structures
  so small that a microscope is required to view
  them clearly.
• ________________________________anatomy that
  deals with body parts large enough to be seen
  with the unaided eye such as organs, muscles and
  bones.
• ________________________________study of
  individual areas or regions of the body.
• ________________________________study of
  individual systems of the body.
• There may be overlap in some of these areas.

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Main Body Systems

• _________________ bones and joints.
• ___________________ skin, hair, nails and hooves.
• __________________- Central Nervous System (CNS)
  and peripheral nerves.
• ___________________heart and blood vessels.
• ____________________ lungs and air passageways.
• _____________________Gastrointestinal (GI) tube
  and accessory digestive organs.
• ______________________ Skeletal, cardiac, and
  smooth muscle.
• _____________________- Organs of general and
  special sense
• ______________________-Endocrine glands and
  hormones
• _____________________-Kidneys, ureters, urinary
  bladder, and urethra.
• _____________________Male and female reproductive
  structures.

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Terminology

• Why do we need specific anatomical terminology?
• Anatomical terms are based on imaginary slices,
  called planes through the animal body that can be
  used as points or areas of reference.
• Anatomical terms are also based on directional
  terms that have opposite meanings of one another.

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The 4 anatomical planes of reference
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Anatomical Planes of Reference

• The 4 anatomical planes of reference are
• 1. Sagittal plane-________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________
• 2. Median plane (mid-sagittal plane)-
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______

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Anatomical Planes of Reference

• 3. Transverse plane-______________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ___________________________________________

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Anatomical Planes of Reference

• 4. Dorsal Plane - ________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _________________________________________

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Directional Terms

• Help to accurately and clearly describe body
  structures regardless of position of animals
  body.
• Terms generally occur in pairs and have opposite
  meanings and are used to describe relative
  positions of body parts.

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Directional Terms
Direction Individuals left Individuals right Toward the head end of the body Toward the tip of the nose (head only) Toward the tail end of the body Toward the back Toward the belly Toward the median plane Away from the median plane Toward the center (whole body or part) Toward the surface (whole body or part) Toward the body (extremity) Away from the body (extremity) Back of forelimb distal to carpus Back of hindlimb distal to tarsus Front of forelimb hindlimb distal to carpus tarsus Domestic Animal Left Right Cranial Rostral Caudal Dorsal Ventral Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Dorsal Human Left Right Superior Nasal Inferior Posterior Anterior Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Anterior
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Directional Terms Continued

• Left and right refer to animals left and right.
• _________ and ________ refer to the two ends of
  the animal.
• ____________ means towards the nose and only
  describes positions or directions on the head.
• __________ and __________ refer to up and down or
  towards the back and towards the belly. (humans
  use posterior and anterior).

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More Directional Terms

• _____________ and _____________ refer to towards
  the midline or away from the midline
• RECALL What is the name of the midline plane
  that divides the body into equal right left
  halves?
• Deep and Superficial refer to the position of
  something relative to the center or surface of
  the body.
• __________toward the center of the body
  (internal)
• ____________toward the surface of the body or a
  body part (external).

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More directional Terms

• _________ and _______describe positions only on
  extremities relative to other parts of the body.
• ______________-toward the body
• ______________- away from the body

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Special Directional terms

• ___________-back surface of the carpus (wrist).
• ____________ back surface of the hind limb distal
  to the tarsus (ankle).

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Describe this picture
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And again
Front paw of a dog - What surface is shown here?
Rear paw of a dog What surface Is shown here?
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One more time
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General Plan of the Animal Body

• ___________________________is the idea that left
  and right halves of animals body are essentially
  mirror images of one another.
• Where does this work?
• Where does this not work?
• Body Cavities- Animals have two main cavities
  (spaces).
• 1.___________________ Contain brain and spinal
  cord (CNS)
• Subdivides into cranial and spinal cavities
• 2. __________________contains most of the soft
  organs (viscera) of the body.
• Subdivides into thoracic and abdominal cavities
• What is visceral pleura? What is visceral
  peritoneum?
• What is parietal pleura? What is parietal
  peritoneum?

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Levels of Organization

• Levels of Organization that make up the body
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems

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Levels of Organization Continued

• ___________- basic functional units of all life.
• Generally are specialized in nature
• ____________- when specialized cells group
  together to do the same job.
• 4 basic tissue types
• 1. ____________cells that cover body surfaces
• 2. ______________-holds body together and gives
  it support
• Can you give an example?
• 3. Muscle- moves body inside and out
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth
• 4. ____________- transmits information around the
  body and controls body functions.
• ______________- groups of tissue that work
  together for a common purpose
• _______________-groups of organs that have a
  common set of activities

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Health

• The state of normal anatomy and physiology.
• Maintaining health may be a difficult and
  complicated process.
• All structures and functions in the body are
  interrelated to produce optimal health.

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Homeostasis

• The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the
  body.
• Active balance of all of the structures, systems
  and functions of the body
• All parts are inter-related and balanced
• Blood pressure, acid-base balance, oxygen levels