Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases

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Chapter 17
Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Dr. Dipa
Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS
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Objectives

• clinical signs associated with specific diseases.
• etiology of the diseases.
• common treatments for disease.
• common and scientific names of parasites
  associated with this species.
• vaccinations

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Reading Assignment

• Chapter 17 Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases
• Know table 17 -1 Diseases which can be prevented
  with vaccines

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Key terms

• Abortion
• AGID
• Blepharospasm
• Conjunctiva
• Coronary Band
• ELISA
• Epididymitis
• Epiphora
• Lochia
• Microphthalmia

• Opisthotonus
• Phthisis Bulbi shrinkage eyeball
• Prion
• Prolapse Ring
• Retractor Bulbi muscles
• Serovar
• Stillbirth
• Tetraplegia

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Previously covered disease

• Anthrax
• Botulism
• Black leg
• Foot rot
• Leptospirosis
• Listeriosis
• Malignant Edema
• Pinkeye

• Johnes disease
• Tetanus
• Foot and Mouth Disease
• Rabies
• Freemartin
• Milk Fever
• Retained Placenta
• Pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis

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Paratuberculosis (Johnes Disease)

• Previously covered disease.

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Urinary Calculi

• Previously covered disease.

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Prolapse

• Previously covered disease.

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Prolapse (contd)
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Prolapse (contd)
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BACTERIAL DISEASES
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Tetanus

• Previously covered disease.

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Big Head

• Causative agent Clostridium novyi, C. sordellii,
  or C. chauvoei (black leg)
• Clinical signs (sheep) Head butting and fighting
  causes bruising or laceration and edematous
  swelling.
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Penicillin, broad spectrum antibiotics
• Prevention Vaccinate 7/8 way - ewe 1 month
  before lambing, lamb 1 month and 2-4 weeks later
  booster

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Black Disease

• Causative agent Clostridium novyi Type B (soil)
• Transmission ingestion of spores, flukes
  predispose them to black disease
• Clinical signs Often found dead (endotoxins)
  respiratory distress, anorexia, and fever
• Diagnosis Necropsy and culture/ gram stain -
  liver
• Hemorrhage of SQ vessels, sub epicardial
  hemorrhage, kidney/liver - autolysis
• Treatment Tetracycline
• Control trematodes e.g. albendazole

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Black disease. Dark brown swollen liver showing
necrotic areas (12 cm) in diameter surrounded by
a zone of hyperaemia Courtesy of FAO
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Brucellosis

• Causative agent Brucella ovis and B. melitensis
  (rare abortion) in sheep Brucella melitensis
  and B. abortus (ZOONOTIC) in goats. Gram
  coccobacillus
• Malta fever in humans
• Transmission sheep - veneral and goats
  ingestion of contaminated food, direct contact
  urine, feces, placenta, milk
• Clinical signs
• Sheep Abortion (rare), epididymitis,
• goats abortion storms, lameness, mastitis,
  diarrhea, and depression
• Diagnosis Agglutination tests or complement
  fixation
• Treatment None

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Caseous Lymphadenitis

• Causative agent Corynebacterium
  pseudotuberculosis gram coccoid
• Transmission direct contact with superficial
  wounds, ingestion, inhalation
• Clinical signs Dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and
  weight loss
• Diagnosis Culture from TTW, radiographs,
  necropsy (hepatic abscess)
• Treatment Isolation, hygiene and vaccine?

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Caseous Lymphadenitis (contd)
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Caseous Lymphadenitis (contd)
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Chlamydophilosis Enzootic abortion ewes (EAE)

• Causative agent Chlamydia psittaci (zoonotic)
  gram -
• Transmission Direct contact uterine discharge,
  fetus, placenta veneral (rams are carriers)
• Clinical signs Abortion (1 cause in goats)
  last trimester, weak or stillborn lambs,
  pneumonia, KCS, epididymitis, and polyarthritis
• Diagnosis ELISA, fluorescent antibody staining,
  and culture isolation
• Treatment Oxytetracycline females that have
  aborted should be isolated fetal tissue or
  placenta should be burned or buried and
  management
• Prevention vaccine (prevent abortions)

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Clostridium Perfringens

• Causative agent Clostridium perfringens (normal
  flora GI sheep)
• Clinical signs
• Type A diarrhea neonates.
• Type B (lamb dysentery endotoxin) acute bloody
  diarrhea young lambs gt high mortality.
• Type C (lamb dysentery endotoxin) diarrhea in
  lambs lt 3 wks. And in adults struck.
• Type D feedlot lambs high concentrate, eat
  excessive feed/ milk. Diarrhea (sheep can die w/o
  diarrhea in goats diarrhea than die),
  incoordination, excitement, circling, head
  pressing, convulsions and sudden death

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Clostridium Perfringens

• Diagnosis Clinical signs or necropsy
• Treatment Penicillin and vaccinate with
  antitoxin in outbreak
• Prevention vaccination, parasite control,
  gradual feed changes

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Joint ill

• Causative agent Kids, Staphylococci,
  streptococci, Corynebacterium spp., Actinomyces,
  and coliform bacteria
• Transmission breaks in skin, umbilical cord, GI,
  respiratory tract
• Clinical signs Warm, painful, swollen joints,
• lameness, fever, umbilical cord abcessation,
• and leukocytosis with left shift
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Penicillin's and joint flushing
  (saline)
• Prevention avoid overcrowding and hygiene at
  partiurition, dipping umbilical cord

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Vibriosis

• Causative agent Campylobacter jejuni and C.
  fetus, gram rod
• Transmission ingestion of organisms (intestines
  of sheep, birds, dogs)
• Clinical signs Late-term abortion (1 sheep),
  stillbirths, and weak lambs
• Diagnosis Culture
• Treatment Antibiotics and vaccination

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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) -
Scrapie

• Causative agent Prion
• Transmission?? Suffolk. Infected at birth.
  Genetics. (environment) and show c.s. at 3.5
  years.
• Clinical signs Wool or hair loss, ataxia, weight
  loss, starring, aggressiveness, floppy ears,
  tremors, seizures, inability to swallow, and
  death. Chronic and degenerative
• Diagnosis Finding prion protein with
  immunostaining of lymphoid tissue in 3rd eyelid
• Treatment None
• REPORTABLE, eradication program

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OTHER DISEASES
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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) -
Scrapie
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Toxoplasma

• Causative agent Toxoplasma gondii
• Clinical signs Fetal death, abortion, embryonic
  death, stillbirth, and weak nonviable neonates
• Diagnosis Serologic tests
• Treatment Prevent cat access to sheep areas

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VIRAL DISEASES
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Bluetongue

• Causative agent genus Orbivirus Family
  Reoviridae
• Transmission Culicoides gnat/midge, cattle are
  reservoirs
• Clinical signs Ulcerations on the mouth or nose,
  lame, fever, and abortion, neonate -
  hydroencephaly
• Diagnosis Viral isolation
• Treatment Insect control, vaccine
• REPORTABLE

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Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis

• Causative agent Retroviral (similar to ovine
  progressive pneumoniae)
• Transmission fomites (needles), colostrum
• Clinical signs
• Neurologic kids 1-4 months tetraplegia, ataxia,
  blindness, head tilt, facial paralysis,
  opisthotonus, generalized paresis
• Arthritic
• Mastitis

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Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis

• Diagnosis AGID (test for CAE antibody), CS, and
  necropsy
• Treatment None
• Prevention cull, colostrum heated 1 hour at 56 C

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Contagious Ecthyma

• contagious viral pustular dermatitis orf sore
  mouth contagious pustular dermatitis
  cutaneous pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth
• Etiology Family poxviridae and genus
  Parapoxvirus
• Transmission direct/ indirect with environment

Immunity and counter-immunity during infection
with the parapoxvirus orf virus David M Haig, ,
Colin J McInnes, 2002
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Contagious Ecthyma

• Clinical signs Lesions in oral cavity, eyelids,
  feet, and teats lameness, anorexia,
  dehydration, malnutrition, secondary bacterial
  infections
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Secondary bacterial infections and
  supportive
• Prevention

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Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

• Causative agent Retroviridae family
• Transmission milk and colostrum
• Clinical signs Coughing, bronchial exudates,
  anorexia, fever, depression, encephalitis, and
  mastitis
• Diagnosis Necropsy,
• ELISA, AGID, and virus isolation
• Treatment None
• Prevention culling

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Author Angie Warner, D.V.M.,D.Sc.
DescriptionThis slide shows gross lung tissue
from a sheep with ovine progressive pnemonia
(OPP). This is an example of a multifocal
pulmonary disease that may be diagnosed by lung
biopsy.
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Noninfectious Diseases
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Entropion

• Causative agent Congenital, trauma, severe
  dehydration, weight loss, and painful ocular
  conditions
• Most common ocular disease in neonatal lambs
• Bilateral and lower lids

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Entropion

• Clinical signs Blepharospasm,
• photophobia, epiphora,
• keratoconjunctivitis,
• and eye rubbing
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Surgical and
• Penicillin, topical atropine,
• topical antibiotics

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Hereditary Chondrodysplasia spider lamb syndrome

• Causative agent Inheritable
• Clinical signs Skeletal defects primarily seen
  in Suffolk or Hampshire breeds
• Lambs show clinical signs at 6 weeks of age
• Longer legs
• Chondrodysplasia skull, sternum, vertebrae

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Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (contd)
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Metritis

• Causative agent Clostridium spp. After dystocia,
  retained placenta
• Clinical signs Vaginal discharge malodorous
  brownish-red watery
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Prostaglandins and oxytocin

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References

• http//www.pipevet.com/content/Photosensitization.
  asp
• http//www.arkanimalcare.com/sites/default/files/I
  nfoFiles/SheepGoat/Disease20of20Sheep_Goats.pdf
• http//www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/vhc/agpract/artic
  les/Caseous_Lymph.pdf
• http//www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0756e/T0756E06.htm
  ch5.3.2
• ftp//ftp.cdc.gov/pub/publications/mmwr/rr/rr4908.
  pdf
• http//www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile
  htm/bc/50713.htm
• http//www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis
  eases/scrapie/downloads/fs_ahscrapie.pdf
• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical
  Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd
  Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN 97803223077323

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References

• http//ohioline.osu.edu/vme-fact/0004.html
• http//www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/bluet
  ongue.pdf
• http//www.uwyo.edu/vetsci/courses/patb_4110/3-28/
  class_notes.htm
• Immunity and counter-immunity during infection
  with the parapoxvirus orf virus
• David M Haig, ,
• Colin J McInnes