Literature Survey, Comprehension

1
Literature Survey, Comprehension Review
2
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
3
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Literature Review
4
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 3. Design
5
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 3. Design
Chapter 4. Development
6
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 5. Evaluation
Chapter 3. Design
Chapter 4. Development
7
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Work
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 5. Evaluation
Chapter 3. Design
Chapter 4. Development
8
Chapter N.

• Consider these as logical chapters, that is to
  say they might represent a number of physical
  chapters or a single section
• For example, Chapter 2, the Literature Review
  chapter might consist of a chapter on Knowledge
  Management, a separate chapter on Knowledge
  Elicitation
• Or for example, Chapter 5, the Evaluation
  Chapter might just exist as a section in the
  Conclusions and Future Work chapter.

9
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Work
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 5. Evaluation
Chapter 3. Design
Chapter 4. Development
10
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Work
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 5. Evaluation
Chapter 3. Design
Chapter 4. Development
11
Introduction to Literature
12
Introduction

• Finding out what is happening in your area of
  research is a vital step along your journey to
  discovery, to find and understand how leading
  researchers in your field have tackled similar
  problems and the results they obtained,
  shortcomings they observed and methodologies they
  employed are the goals of the literature review
  process.

13
2D Analysis

• The objective of this process is to
  systematically analyse the existing research and
  classify it in one of two dimensions.
• The breadth of the review is concerned with
  setting the scene, in terms of describing the
  foundational research in this particular domain,
  there will be research mentioned from each of the
  areas you have included in your spider diagram.
• The depth of the research concerns itself with
  the particular topic work that your research will
  be built upon. There should be approximately the
  same number of research papers covered in the
  depth and breath of the research review.

14
Examples

• Lets look at two examples
• Knowledge Management
• Information Technology

15
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
16
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
17
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
18
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
Knowledge Sharing
Agile Methods
Elicitation
Knowledge Maps
Decision Support
19
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
Knowledge Sharing
Agile Methods
Elicitation
Knowledge Maps
Decision Support
Breadth of Domain
20
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
Knowledge Sharing
Agile Methods
Elicitation
Knowledge Maps
Decision Support
Breadth of Domain
Indicate your awareness of the boarder field, and
you know where your specific topic fits into the
domain
21
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Probst
Nonaka
Ruggles
Bhatt
Davenport
Eppler
Wiig
Prusak
Gurteen
22
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
23
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
24
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Probst
Nonaka
Ruggles
Bhatt
Davenport
Eppler
Wiig
Prusak
Gurteen
Web 2.0
25
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Probst
Nonaka
Ruggles
Bhatt
Davenport
Eppler
Wiig
Prusak
Gurteen
OReilly
McAfee
Miller
Web 2.0
Eggers
Knorr
Grossman
26
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
27
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Sharing
28
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Maps
29
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Elicitation
30
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Agile Methods
31
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Decision Support
32
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
Knowledge Sharing
Agile Methods
Elicitation
Knowledge Maps
Decision Support
33
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
34
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
35
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
Computer Architecture
Networks
Assistive Technology
Image Synthesis
Agent Development
36
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
Computer Architecture
Networks
Assistive Technology
Image Synthesis
Agent Development
Breadth of Domain
37
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
Computer Architecture
Networks
Assistive Technology
Image Synthesis
Agent Development
Breadth of Domain
Indicate your awareness of the boarder field, and
you know where your specific topic fits into the
domain
38
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Knuth
Wirth
Hoare
Naur
von Neumann
Dijkstra
Turing
Moore
Boehm
39
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
40
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Knuth
Wirth
Hoare
Naur
von Neumann
Dijkstra
Turing
Moore
Boehm
Databases
41
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Knuth
Wirth
Hoare
Naur
von Neumann
Dijkstra
Turing
Moore
Boehm
Date
Codd
Gray
Databases
Boyce
Pipes
Epstein
42
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
43
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Image Synthesis
44
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Networks
45
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Agent Development
46
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Comp Architecture
47
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Assistive Tech
48
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
Comp Architecture
Networks
Assistive Tech
Image Synthesis
Agent Development
49
Who are ACM ?

• The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM,
  is a learned society for computing. It was
  founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific
  and educational computing society. Its membership
  is more than 92,000 as of 2009. ACM is organized
  into over 170 local chapters and 35 Special
  Interest Groups (SIGs), through which it conducts
  most of its activities. Many of the SIGs, like
  SIGGRAPH, SIGPLAN, SIGCSE and SIGCOMM, sponsor
  regular conferences which have become famous as
  the dominant venue for presenting new innovations
  in certain fields. The groups also publish a
  large number of specialized journals, magazines,
  and newsletters.

50
Who else ?

• Another significant group are IEEE
  (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
  Engineers) called eye-triple-e is a
  professional organization for the advancement of
  technology, it also publishes a number journals,
• including IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data
  Engineering

51
Good Sources ?

• Journal Papers
• Conference Papers
• Textbooks
• Other Books
• Company Whitepapers
• Company Websites
• Blogs
• Wikis

Credibility
52
Literature Survey, Comprehension Review
In Summary
53
Literature Survey (1/2)

• The literature survey is the process of
  identifying and acquiring the research papers,
  textbooks, web-sites, theses, etc. that you will
  require to get a comprehensive overview of the
  research that has been done in the area that you
  are investigating.

54
Literature Survey (2/2)

• A focused survey technique is recommended to
  ensure you hit the ground running and using
  this technique you are almost immediately in a
  position to implement experiments. Recording the
  papers you have found and read is also of vital
  importance, and techniques and software available
  for these tasks are also covered in this section.

55
Literature Comprehension(1/2)

• The literature comprehension is the process of
  reading and understanding the research found in
  the survey process. Part of the comprehension
  process may require that experiments described in
  the research be replicated or implemented.

56
Literature Comprehension(2/2)

• This will normally mean that your supervisor or
  other people will need to help. The process of
  reading and trying to understand complex research
  can sometimes be a discouraging one, but a
  systematic approach to tackling this is described
  in this section.

57
Literature Review (1/3)

• The literature review is the process of
  consolidating the various strands of past
  research into a single narrative describing the
  evolution of the research domain.

58
Literature Review (2/3)

• There are checklists provided to assist you in
  this task, one that deals with the evaluation of
  a research paper, and the other which deals with
  questions to reflect upon regarding the overall
  structure of the literature review chapter in a
  dissertation.

59
Literature Review (3/3)

• The underlying (or hidden) theme of the narrative
  is to show that there is a gap in the existing
  research and how your work will address this
  problem.

60
Literature Survey, Comprehension Review
In Detail
61
Literature Survey
62
Literature Survey In detail

• If you know the exact domain of your research
  (from the research proposal stage, and further
  clarified by the mini-dissertation and
  dissertation shell phases) it makes sense to
  initially focus your search on papers that relate
  (almost) exactly to your own research, rather
  than spending a great deal of time reading every
  paper under the sun that seems remotely relevant.

63
Literature Survey In detail

• The technique is simple, find an up-to-date
  thesis that is closely related to your research
  question (your supervisor should be able to help
  you with this, if not, search the web) and use
  this as a launch pad to your research This is a
  very useful starting point since it will give you
  an immediate overview of your research field.

64
Some Considerations When Using A Thesis As A
Starting Point

• Regional Variations Different countries,
  different regions and even different universities
  have differing standards for their dissertations,
  so, whilst the dissertation is a useful starting
  point, it can only be considered as such, and is
  not a template for your own work.
• Correspondence of Research The dissertation
  that you are using should have a significant
  overlap with your own research, but there are
  bound to be differences, therefore, your own
  literature review will be very different to the
  one you have found, since yours is aimed at
  highlighting the gap that you wish to address.
• Quality of Research The quality of the
  dissertation is something you will need to
  consider, how comprehensive is this persons work
  ? Have they missed any important papers or major
  blocks of research ?

65
Searching the Web
66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
(No Transcript)
75
acronyms
single-concept principle
pseudo-synonyms, or false synonyms
antonyms
hyponyms
neologisms
phraseologism
PROBLEMS WITH USING A SEARCH ENGINE AS THE SOLE
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
quasi-synonyms, or near-synonyms
hypernyms
Cross- references
collocation
monosemy
synonyms
tautonyms
polysemy
abbreviations
76
Finding Research online

• Effective Searching
• Let us consider searching for information
  relating to 'Project-Based Learning'
• The Hyphen
• The first thing to note is the hyphen between the
  words 'Project' and 'Based', will every web-page
  relating to this subject have the hyphen in it,
  or will some just leave it out. If you just leave
  it out the search engines will find the phrase
  with or without the hyphen.

77
Finding Research online

• So the first search to try is
• "Project Based Learning"
• if this returns 10,000 links then try
• "Project Based Learning" "PhD Thesis"
• "Project Based Learning" "Masters Thesis
• Project Based Learning Masters Thesis
  Declaration
• this may return PhD or Masters thesis on the
  subject you require information on.

78
Finding Research online

• To find other 'good' pages relating to your
  subject matter, try
• "Project Based Learning Link"
• for "PBL Links" or "PBL Link Page"
• "Project Based Learning Portal"
• for "PBL Portal" or "PBL Portal Page"
• "Project Based Learning Webring"
• for "PBL Webring" or "PBL Webrings"
• "Project Based Learning FAQ"
• for "PBL FAQ"or "PBL FAQs" or "PBL FAQL"or "PBL
  FAQLs"

79
Finding Research online

• If you are looking for papers relating to
  "Project Based Learning", try
• "Project Based Learning" Bibliography
• "Project Based Learning" Literature Review
• "Project Based Learning" Literature Survey
• "Project Based Learning" Overview
• "Project Based Learning" A Roadmap
• Unlike the previous section where we were looking
  for 'good' pages and put the entire phrase in
  double quotes, in this section we are only
  putting the subject matter we are investigating
  in quotes and the rest of the terms are free
  text, in this way we can find pages which may not
  be titled, for example, "Project Based Learning
  Bibliography", but may be a bibliography which
  contain references to Project Based Learning.

80
Finding Research online

• If you are looking for a more specific topic, for
  example, "The Impact of the Web on Project Based
  Learning", try
• "Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning"
  (unlikely)
• "Project Based Learning" overview web
• "Project Based Learning" survey web
• "Project Based Learning" review web
• "Project Based Learning" assessment web

81
Finding Research online

• Also consider web-sites which will be using the
  acronym for "Project Based Learning"
• so try
• "PBL"
• "P.B.L."
• Consider the acronym for "Virtual Learning
  Environments", it could be "VLE"or "VLEs"or
  "V.L.E."or "V.L.E.s"or "V.L.Es", so try
• "VLE"
• "V.L.E"

82
Example Synonym

• Community of practice
• Network of practice
• Virtual community
• Virtual Ethnography
• Virtual team
• Community-driven knowledge management

83
Literature Comprehension
84
Literature Comprehension

• Active Reading
• It is very important to read new research in an
  active manner, you shouldnt just skim read the
  material, but understand what you are reading, as
  you are reading it. It may be necessary to
  re-read a sentence, one phrase at a time, or one
  word at a time until the meaning is evident. It
  may be the case that you will have to consult
  some reference source to confirm the meaning of
  terminology, this being the case, it is only
  logical to keep reference material close to hand
  (textbooks, the internet, dictionaries, etc.)

85
Literature Comprehension

• A typical research paper (from a conference or
  journal) consists of the following parts
• Title,
• Abstract,
• Introduction,
• Methodology,
• Results and
• Bibliography.

86
Literature Comprehension

• When you encounter new terminology in the course
  of reading papers (which you invariably will), it
  is important that you note it down, and find out
  what it means. You can do this by looking it up
  on the web or in a textbook, if it is an acronym,
  synonym or a related term to your research topic,
  BUILD A LEXICON. This is a very important step,
  since any new term could be central to your
  research, it may describe a mathematical
  technique or it could be a synonym for the
  research domain itself, whatever the case.

87
Literature Comprehension

• At the beginning of the research process you will
  be deluged with new terminology, the important
  thing is to hang in there, dont get overwhelmed
  by it all, the more papers you read, the less new
  terms you will be encountering, the more of an
  expert you will become. As you are learning more
  about the papers it is very important that you
  update the records you are keeping about this
  particular paper, in particular, the research
  topic or keywords sections.

88
Papers

• Title
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results
• Bibliography

89
Literature Review
90
Literature Review

• The review itself is the final piece of the
  puzzle, it is a matter of tying together all the
  previous research that you have found and
  reviewed, and producing an artifact that is not
  just all those reviews put together, but a
  coherent and cohesive narrative of the research
  to date, and a narrative that points to a gap
  in the research that your work intends to fill.
  It also contextualises the work in the broader
  research scope.

91
Literature Review

• The first step in this process is to consider
  each article that you have reviewed, is it
  significant enough to go into the review ? How do
  you evaluate that ? The answer is simple does
  it help build towards the gap in the research
  you are identifying ? or to put it another way,
  could you take this article out and it wouldnt
  make any difference ? The articles should group
  together into research trends so you should list
  the articles by this grouping and see which ones
  are important.

92
Literature Review

• Remember that writing is not necessarily a linear
  process, write what sections you know about, when
  you know about them. As with all of the writing
  that you will be doing for you dissertation,
  there will be many drafts of the literature
  review chapter, so it is best to overwrite it
  first and then you can cut down, therefore you
  should include many of the questions for each
  article in the first draft of your work and chip
  away at it a piece at a time.

93
Literature Review

• The research should be seen as the zenith of the
  cumulative process of the scientific research
  that has already been done. Then the process
  becomes a matter of making these disparate
  stories into one single narrative, with one theme
  there is something missing in the research to
  date that you are going to address.

94
Literature Review

• The structure of the literature review will be
  the same as that of any document, it has a
• beginning,
• middle and
• end.

95
Literature Review

• The beginning or introduction will introduce the
  main research topics and the end or conclusion
  will be that there has been a great deal of work
  done in this area, but there is a gap in the work
  that your research will address.

96
Literature Review

• The middle part of the literature review, can be
  presented in a number of way, depending on your
  personal preferences, the main research trends
  must be discussed, key researchers must be
  identified, and the work must spiral from its
  research beginnings towards the research gap that
  you are going to fill. This is the hurricane that
  we saw at the start of the chapter, the general
  research topics you discuss must lead logically
  to the specific research that you are
  undertaking.

97
Literature Review

• It may be the case that the trends in the
  research in your domain fall into two opposing
  camps, the for-and-against type paradigm, This
  being the case, whichever side your work is on,
  make sure that you present the merits of each
  side, this gives your readers a balanced view of
  the domain, and gives them the impression of a
  researcher who can take a sophisticated
  perspective on matters.

98
Literature Review

99
Literature Review
Research Question

Experiment
Results
For each paper consider the relationship between
the Research Question, the Experiment, and the
Results.