WHAT IS

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WHAT IS
parallelism
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ARTICLES

• A
• AN
• THE

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Articles used with items in a series

• Rule 1
• Use an article in a series ONLY with the first
  item!
• EXAMPLE
• I feed THE dog, cat, and rabbit

• Rule 2
• Use an article in a series with ALL the items!
• EXAMPLE
• I feed THE dog,
• THE cat,
• and THE rabbit

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1.) I talked to a doctor, a salesman, and to a
crane operator

• I talked
• to a doctor,
• to a salesman,
• and to a crane operator

• I talked
• to a doctor,
• a salesman,
• and a crane operator

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3.) I bought the towel, sheet, and the bed spread

• I bought
• the towel,
• the sheet,
• and the bed spread

• I bought
• the towel,
• sheet,
• and bed spread

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8.) Jose hooked a walleye, perch, and a trout

• Jose hooked
• A walleye,
• perch,
• and trout

• hooked
• A walleye,
• A perch,
• and A trout

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16.) Rosa skipped the lecture because she didnt
have the time, the energy and wasnt interested

• Rosa skipped the lecture because she didnt have
• the time,
• the energy,
• nor the interest

• Rosa skipped the lecture because she didnt have
• the time,
• energy,
• nor interest

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PROBLEMS OFTEN OCCUR WHEN
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Problems often occur when

• We mix different types of phrases like
• Mixing to phrases with ing phrases,
• for instance !
• FOR EXAMPLE
• I like swimming in the pond, cycling down the
  lane, and to ride horses in the pasture

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TRY one of these methods to fix the parallel
problem instead

• I like swimming in the pond,
• cycling down the lane,
• and riding horses in the pasture

• I like to swim in the pond,
• to cycle down the lane,
• and to ride horses in the pasture

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9.) Nathan enjoys swimming, cycling, and to ride
horses

• Nathan likes
• to swim,
• to cycle,
• and to ride horses.

• Nathan enjoys
• swimming,
• cycling,
• and riding horses.

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2.) Flora like to go to the play- ground to
jump rope, to swing and sliding

• Flora likes
• jumping rope,
• swing,
• and sliding

• Flora likes to go to the playground
• to jump rope,
• to swing,
• and to slide

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6.) Ed loves backpacking, camping, and especially
to climb mountains.

• Ed loves
• backpacking,
• camping,
• and especially climbing mountains.

• Ed loves
• to backpack,
• to camp,
• and especially to climb mountains.

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10.) At Christmas we like to decorate the tree,
making special cookies, and singing carols.

• At Christmas we like
• decorating the tree,
• making special cookies,
• and singing carols.

• At Christmas we like
• to decorate the tree,
• to make special cookies,
• and to sing carols.

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13.) This summer Tony plans to lie in the sun,
swim in the pool, and generally avoiding work.

• This summer Tony plans on
• lying in the sun,
• swimming in the pool,
• and generally avoiding work.

• This summer Tony plans
• to lie in the sun,
• to swim in the pool,
• and generally to avoid work.

• This summer Tony
• lies in the sun,
• swims in the pool,
• and generally avoids work.

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19.) The fountain was beautiful as the droplets
spread out in the air and were made to sparkle by
the sunlight.

• -Answer-
• The fountain was beautiful as the droplets spread
  out in the air and sparkled by the sunlight.

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20.) Carlos went to the party for the food, the
entertainment, and to meet people who might
become customers.

• Carlos went to the party for
• the food,
• the entertainment,
• and the people who might become customers.

• Carlos went to the party
• to eat food,
• to be entertained,
• and to meet people who might become customers.

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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

• EitherOr
• NeitherNor
• WhetherOr
• BothAnd
• Not (only)But (also)

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The rule for parallelism with CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS

• The grammatical units that follow each
  CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS must be alike

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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

• Either(noun) Or (noun)
• Neither(verb) Nor (verb)
• Whether(prep.) Or (preposition)
• Both (adj.) And (adj.)
• Not (only)But (also)

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Problem sentences with correlative conjunctions

• Either I go to bed or get up early
• In this instance an
• Independent Clause
• is being mixed with a
• Verb Phrase

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Here are corrected sentences with such pairs

• Either I go to bed early
• or I get up late

• I either go to bed early
• or get up late

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4.) Having just arrived at the party, Thea both
wanted to sunbathe and to swim

• In this instance a
• Participle Phrase
• is being mixed with an
• Infinitive Phrase

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Here are corrected sentences with such pairs

• Having just arrived at the party, Thea wanted
  both to sunbathe and to swim.

• Having just arrived at the party, Thea both
  wanted to sunbathe and wanted to swim.

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5.) The coach can either complain to the official
or he can keep quiet.

• In this instance a
• Verb Phrase
• is being mixed with an
• Independent Clause/Simple Sentence

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Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such
pairs

• 5.) The coach can either complain to the official
  
• or can keep quiet.
• In this instance a
• Verb Phrase
• is being connected with another
• Verb Phrase

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12.) Not only the students but also those who
teach them were upset by the new university
policy.

• In this instance a
• Noun Phrase
• is being mixed with a
• Dependent Clause

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Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such
pairs

• 12.) Not only the students but also the teachers
  were upset by the new university policy.
• In this instance a
• Noun Phrase
• is being connected with another
• Noun Phrase

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Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such
pairs

• 12.) Not only those who study but also those who
  teach were upset by the new university policy.
• In this instance a
• Dependent Clause
• is being connected with another
• Dependent Clause

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18.) Ill decide to go if it neither interferes
with my other plans nor it comes too late in the
day.

• In this instance a
• Verb Phrase
• is being mixed with a
• Independent Clause

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Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such
pairs

• 18.) Ill decide to go if it neither interferes
  with my other plans nor comes too late in the
  day.
• In this instance a
• Verb Phrase
• is being connected with another
• Verb Phrase

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What are coordinating conjunctions( FAN BOYS)

• For
• And
• Nor
• But
• Or
• Yet
• So

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INDEPENDENT CLAUSE before a conjunction and an
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE after a conjunction--a comma
must appear before the conjunction ( Rule 2)

• I liked the parrot, so I bought it for my mother

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Parallel constructions with coordinating
conjunctions

• INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIES
• Joe likes the Reds, so I bought him season
  tickets for his birthday.

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Other parallel constructions with coordinating
conjunctions

• WORDS IN A SERIES
• I saw John and Mary
• I saw John, Bill, and Mary

• PHRASES IN A SERIES
• I see him going to work and coming home

• DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIES
• The phone rang when I reached the motel but
  before I unpacked my suitcase

• INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIES
• I liked the parrot, so I bought it for my mother

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Parallel constructions with coordinating
conjunctions phrases in a series

• 14.) The director wanted to film scenes in the
  jungles of the Philippines and where the streets
  were crowded in Manila

• ANSWER
• The director wanted to film scenes in the
  jungles in of the Philippines and in the crowded
  streets of Manila
• -or-
• The director wanted to film scenes where there
  are jungles in the Philippines and where the
  streets were crowded in Manila.

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DEPENDANT CLAUSES

• Relative pronouns
• Who
• Whom
• Which
• Whose
• That

• Subordinate conjunctions
• After, since, before, as soon as, until, when
  while, whenever, where, wherever, because, than,
  although, if, though, provided that, unless, in
  order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as,
  as if, even though, even if

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DEPENDANT CLAUSES(RULE 3)If a sentence starts
with one of these words than a Dependent or
Subordinate Clause is starting a sentence and a
comma will follow that introductory
Dependent/Subordinate Clause.

• Relative pronouns
• Who
• Whom
• Which
• Whose
• That

• Subordinate conjunctions
• After, since, before, as soon as, until, when
  while, whenever, where, wherever, because, than,
  although, if, though, provided that, unless, in
  order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as,
  as if, even though, even if

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Parallel constructions with coordinating
conjunctions joining DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES IN A SERIES7.) The lifeguard knew that
the waves were high and they were dangerous

• The lifeguard knew
• that the waves were high
• and that they were dangerous

• The lifeguard knew
• the waves were high,
• and the waves were dangerous

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Parallel constructions with coordinating
conjunctions joining clauses in a series

• 15.) Before going out on stage and she heard the
  opening applause Gayle was very nervous.
• In this instance a
• Dependent Clause
• is being connected with an
• Independent Clause

• ANSWER
• Before going out on stage and after hearing the
  opening applause, Gayle was very nervous.
• In this instance a
• Dependent Clause
• is being connected with another
• Dependent Clause
• So now the sentence has been made parallel!

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Parallel constructions with coordinating
conjunctions joining clauses in a series

• 17.) I think about Grandmothers farm when I
  drive in rush-hour or I read about crime in the
  streets.

• ANSWER
• I think about Grandmothers farm when I drive in
  rush-hour or when I read about crime in the
  streets.
• In this instance a
• Dependent Clause
• is being connected with another
• Dependent Clause
• So now the sentence has been made parallel!