The World At War

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The World At War

• The War for North Africa and Europe- The Allied
  Offensive

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Essential Questions

• What was the Allies overall plan for winning the
  war?
• What was the US strategy in Europe and Asia?
• What were the key events of the war in Europe?
• How was Europe finally liberated by the Allies?

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The US and Britain Join Forces

• Winston Churchill met with FDR to map out war
  plans on Dec 22, 1941
• Germany and Italy were perceived as the greater
  threat so it was decided to concentrate on Europe
  first then the Pacific

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Axis Gains by 1942

• By 1942 Hitlers forces held the European
  continent and pounded England with aerial
  bombardments while driving deep into Russia and
  across Northern Africa to attempt to take the
  Suez Canal in Egypt

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WW II Mobilization

• 61 countries
• 3/4 of the worlds pop
• 110 million mobilized

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WW II Mobilization

• Country Total Mobilized .At one time
• USA 16m. 12.2m
• Germany 17m. 10.9m
• USSR 22-30m. 12.5m
• UK 8.7m 8.7m
• Japan 7.2m 7.2m

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Allied Hope

• The Situation was bleak in 1942 but the Allies
  had
• Natural Resources
• Skilled Workforce with significant reserves
• Ability to produce massive amounts of weapons and
  ammunitions
• Determination of millions of anti-fascists
• The capacity of the USSR to endure immense loses

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Fighting WW II

• Battle for the Atlantic (1942-43)
• North Africa (1942-43)
• Italy (1943-44)
• Europe E. Front (1941-45)
• Europe W. Front (1942-45)
• The Pacific (1942-45)

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The Battle for the Atlantic1942 - 1943

• The problem
• 3,000 mile supply lines
• The Wolf-packs
• June, 1942 172 ships lost
• March, 1943 400 U-boats
• The solution

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The Battle for the Atlantic
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German U-boat on patrol
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The Battle for the Atlantic
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Soviets Halt Nazi Drive

• The size of the USSR, resistance from civilians,
  and the Russian winter all contributed to the
  first Nazi setback of the war
• The Battle of Stalingrad pitted the Red Army vs.
  the Germans in bitter house to house fighting
  over a city of rubble
• 100,000 Germans surrendered
• The USSR lost more troops in the battle than the
  US lost the whole war
• 2nd defeat outside of Kursk, forced Nazi retreat

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The North African Front

• While Stalingrad was pounded Stalin pressured the
  US and Britain to open a second front in Europe
• The Allies decided on Operation Torch the Allied
  invasion of North Africa led by General Dwight D.
  Eisenhower
• In Nov. 1942 107,000 mainly US troops landed in
  Casablanca, Oran and Algiers

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Winning North Africa

• The US forces attacked from the East, the British
  forces from the West in an effort to pinch the
  German Afrika Corps led by General Erwin Rommel
  The Desert Fox
• The Afrika Corps surrendered in May 1943,
• after the Battle of El Alamein

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Mussolini mistress - Captured executed
April 28, 1945
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The Moscow Conference

• In October 1943 Sec. of State Cordell Hull,
  Anthony Eden of Great Britain, and Foreign
  Minister Molotov of the USSR met in Moscow
• They issued The Moscow Declaration that a World
  Organization for the maintenance of peace would
  be set-up after the war
• United Nations

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The Bombing of Germany

• British bombers flew night missions and US B-17s
  flew day missions over Germany
• Bombing missions over the Rhineland and the Ruhr
  successfully took out factories
• The British began targeting civilian targets as
  Germany had done
• Hamburg was leveled 60,000 100,000 people
  were killed ( 60 other cities were bombed)
  Munich, Berlin and Cologne
• Dresden- 650,000 incendiary bombs were dropped,
  135,000 killed, 8 sq. miles destroyed

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Dresden under attackFeb. 1945
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Dresden before
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After
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The Teheran Conference

• In Nov. 1943 FDR, Churchill and Stalin met for
  the first time and pledged to work together to
  win the war but also the peace
• Plans for the opening of a second front were
  discussed

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D-Day The Battle for France

• Under IKEs command the US, Britain, and Canada
  assembled 3 million troops to attack Normandy in
  Northern France.
• The Allies tricked Hitler to think the invasion
  would come at Calais 150 miles away
• Operation Overlord the largest land, sea, and air
  invasion in history was launched on June 6th 1944
• German resistance was brutal in some spots like
  Omaha Beach

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U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower
                                                  
                 
Eisenhower Decides on D-Day

                                                        
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D-Day - Normandy Invasion June 6, 1944
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D-Day - Normandy Invasion June 6, 1944
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The Allies Gain Control

• After 7 days of fighting the Allies held an 80
  mile strip of France
• Within a month the Allies landed 1million troops,
  567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles
• August 1944 Paris was liberated
• September 1944 Belgium and Luxembourg were
  liberated

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The Election of 1944

• FDR ran for an unprecedented 4th Term against
  Thomas E. Dewey Republican Governor of NY
• Senator Harry S. Truman was added to the ticket
  as a vice-presidential compromise candidate

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The Battle of the Bulge

• In October 1944, the Allies entered Germany
• On December 16 Hitler launched his last major
  counterattack of the war (B of the B)
• On Dec. 16th 1944 Eight German tank divisions
  broke though US defenses along an 80 miles front
• SS troopers murdered 120 American POWs
• The Germans ran out of gas and without air cover
  they lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, 1600 planes
  and were forced to retreat

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The Yalta Conference

• In February 1945 FDR, Churchill and Stalin met in
  the Soviet port of Yalta in the Crimea Sea
• They agreed to call an Allied Conference to draft
  the UN Charter in San Francisco
• They agreed to divide Germany into American,
  Soviet, French, and British Occupation Zones
• They agreed to allow free elections in Poland and
  adjust its border
• They agreed to ensue the establishment of a
  democratic form of government for all liberated
  European nations

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Rebuilding Begins

• The Yalta Conference, February 1945
• Ailing FDR, Churchill and Stalin (Big Three) meet
  on the Black Sea in the Soviet Union to discuss
  the future of Germany and the postwar world
• Stalin wanted Germany divided into occupation
  zones
• FDR makes concessions for two reasons
• Wants the Soviets to enter the war against Japan
  (the atom bomb is still 5 months from completion)
• Wants Stalin to support and join the United
  Nations

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Rebuilding Begins

• Series of compromises between the Big Three
• Four zones of occupation
• FDR and Churchill assumed this was to be
  temporary
• Stalin promises free and unfettered elections
  in Poland and other Soviet-occupied Eastern
  European countries
• Stalin agrees to fight Japan
• Lastly, Stalin agrees to participate in the April
  1945 meeting in San Francisco

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Yalta Conference II

• Secretly the USSR agreed to declare war on Japan
  after the Germany surrender in exchange for an
  occupation zone in Northern Korea

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Liberation of the Concentration Camps-The
Holocaust

• Both Red Army troops liberating extermination
  camps in Poland and US/British troops liberating
  camps in Germany were horrified at what they had
  found
• Starving Inmates, Unburied bodies, and massive
  crematoriums

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FDRs Death

• While posing for a portrait FDR complained of a
  headache and took a nap
• He died of a stroke or a cerebral hemorrhage
• Vice-President Harry S. Truman took over

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V-E Day

• By April 25th the Red Army was storming Berlin
• Hitler blamed the Jews for starting the war and
  his Generals for losing it
• On April 29th he married Eva Braun
• They both committed suicide and had their bodies
  burned
• On May 8th, Germany surrendered
• V-E day was celebrated through the US and the
  world

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Germany Surrenders!
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Potsdam Conference

• July 17-August 2, 1945
• Big Three
• Confrontational and uncooperative atmosphere
• Two decisions agreed upon
• Japans unconditional surrender
• Trial of Nazis leaders as war criminals
• Truman learns of the successful test of the
  atomic bomb orders its use against Japan