Chapter 1: Science Foundations of Science

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Chapter 1 Science Foundations of Science
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• 1. What is Science?
• Science A system of knowledge based on facts or
  principles
• Observation gathered data that can be seen,
  heard, tasted, smelled, or touched
• Inference a logical interpretation based on
  prior knowledge or experience

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• Branches
• Social sciences
• Natural science (Biology, Physical science, Earth
  science)

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• 2. Scientific theories and laws
• Science is an ongoing process information
  improves and changes
• Theory a tested, possible explanation of a
  natural event
• Simple and clear explanation
• Experiments must be repeatable
• Theory can be used to predict things

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• Law a summary of an observed natural event

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• 3. The Scientific method
• Sci. Method A series of logical steps to follow
  in order to solve problems
• Observe
• Formulate a question
• Collect data
• Form a hypothesis Proposed explanation of
  observed events
• Conduct experiment
• Collect data
• Draw conclusions

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• Control Condition in experiment that is kept
  the same
• Variable Anything that can change in an
  experiment

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• Metric System
• 1. What is it?
• A system of measure based on water that converts
  in increments of 10s.
• 10 these 1 those
• 10 those 1 that
• 10 that 1 them
• Advantage easily converted and used across the
  world
• What are some of the things that we measure?
• Height Volume
• Length Weight

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• 2. Metric Math
• Prefixes
• Each prefix indicates ten times more than the
  previous
• With each conversion of unit (change in prefix)
  you will multiply by 10 or divide by 10
• Moving right x 10
• Moving left 10

King Henry Died By drinking chocolate milk
Kilo Hecto Deca Base deci centi milli
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
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• each time I multiply by 10 watch what happens to
  the decimal
• 1 x 10 10.
• 20 x 10 200.
• 300 x 10 3000.
• the opposite happens when I divide by 10
• 3000 10 300
• 200 10 20
• 10 10 1
• The decimal slides one place with each x or by
  10, so use the simple sliding method

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• Steps of Metric conversion
• 1. draw your metric line KHDbdcm
• 2. figure out which direction you will be moving
• 3. determine how many times the decimal has to
  slide between the units
• 4. move the decimal in the given number
• 5. Check to make sure the answer makes sense

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• Example 1 6 Km _________________m
• 1. KHDbdcm
• 2. K.HDb.dcm (starting at kilometer and ending at
  meter) moving right
• 3. decimal moves three spots
• 4. 6 Km 6000 m
• 5. Yes, there are more meters in a kilometer

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• Practice
• 526 m 52600 cm
• 8000 cm 0.08 Km
• 0.40 m 400 mm
• 0.0003 Km 0.3 m

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• 3. Scientific Notation
• Does anyone know what a googol is?
• 1 followed by 100 zeros
• Would you write it out?
• Scientific notation a method of writing or
  displaying large numbers in a simple format by
  sliding the decimal and accounting for the slides
  by multiplying by ten

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• Number (1 to 9.9) x 10exponent
• 234 becomes 2.34
• each slide of decimal x 10 exponent
• A googol is 1 x 10100

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• Practice
• 2500 2.5 x 103
• 2503000 2.503 x 106
• 0.00002 2 x 10 -5
• .0002500030 2.50003 x 10-4

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Accuracy vs. Precision

• The dictionary definitions of these two words do
  not clearly make the distinction as it is used in
  the science of measurement.

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• 1. Accurate "capable of providing a correct
  reading or measurement."
• In physical science it means 'correct'.
• A measurement is accurate if it correctly
  reflects the size of the thing being measured.

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• 2.Precise means "exact, as in performance,
  execution, or amount. "
• In physical science it means "repeatable,
  reliable, getting the same measurement each
  time."

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• We can never make a perfect measurement.
• The best we can do is to come as close as
  possible within the limitations of the measuring
  instruments.

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• For example a metric ruler which has millimeter
  marks has a least count of 1 mm or 0.1 cm. and
  when properly used it can make more precise
  measurements than one with centimeter marks.

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• It is "six point something" more than six but
  less than seven. With certainty we can say it is
  in the range of 6 to 7. Exactly where in that
  range is an estimate. We might guess it is 40 of
  the way, just less than halfway, between 6 and 7
  or 6.4.

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• It is clear that our estimate was close, but the
  measurement still does not align with a mark. Not
  only that, but we are having trouble reading the
  marks now because they are so fine. Now we can
  estimate with a higher precision that the
  measurement is 6.39, although you might say that
  it is 6.38 or even 6.40. Whatever it is, your
  best guess is 'correct' although it is not
  certain.

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Density

• Density is a physical property of matter
• - the mass per unit volume of a substance
• - how much stuff is in a certain space
• - density remains the same for any volume of a
  pure substance

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• If something is known as being light it
  probably has a small density
• Common densities

Substance Density g/cm3
Water (l) 1.00
Water (s) ice 0.92
Lead 11.3
Air (mixture) 0.00129
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• Density Math density is calculated by dividing
  the objects mass by its volume.
• - density mass g g
• volume cm3 ml

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• Example 1 If a box has a volume of 3.0 cm3 and a
  mass of 9.0 g, what is its density?

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• Example 2 If a liquid has a volume of 200 cm3
  and a mass of 800 g, what is its density?

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• Gasoline has a density of 0.7 g/mL. If your
  4-wheeler uses 1,000 mL of gas doing donuts in
  the lawn, how much lighter is your ride (what
  mass of gas was used)?