THE AGE OF U.S. IMPERIALISM

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THE AGE OFU.S. IMPERIALISM

• Speak softly and carry a big stick you will go
  far.
• - T. Roosevelt

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IMPERIALISM - definitions

• 1. Imperialism the quest to build up a
• 
  territorial empire.
• 2. Imperialism control by powerful nation(s)
  over a less advanced or less civilized area.

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POWERFUL NATION

• USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY
• Advanced Economy (Industrial)
• Strong Government
• Considerable
• Military Strength

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The Less Advanced Area

• CHARACTERIZED BY
• Primitive economy (pre-industrial)
• Underdeveloped natural resources
• Weak government
• Limited military power
• Imperialism has also been called Colonialism

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Essential Question Why did America join the
imperialist club at the end of the
1900s? (social, economic, militaristic/political)
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1. ECONOMIC Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
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2. MILITARY/POLITICAL
Alfred T. Mahan ? The Influence of Sea Power on
History ? (THINK Why does a big navy lead to
more power for a nation?)
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3. SOCIAL Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
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SOCIAL Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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3. SOCIAL End of Manifest Destiny?, closing
of the American Frontier
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2. Other Causes

• Used NATIONALIST arguments to gains support for
  EMPIRE BUILDING.
• a) gain glory achieve a place in the Sun
• b) secure essential military bases war
  materials
• c) provide an outlet for surplus population
• d) provide safety - missionaries spread
  Christianity
• E) bring to the backward areas the blessings of
  the civilized culture of the West Europe USA

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This Duty of the West

• Labeled by RUDYARD KIPLING as
• The White Mans Burden

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REASONS for U.S. turn to IMPERIALISM

• 1) Industrial Revolution
• 2) Closing of the FRONTIER leads investors to
  look elsewhere for economic opportunity

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3. EXAMPLE of other Nations (Imperialist)

• a. British Empire controlled over ¼ of Worlds
• territory and population

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Hawaii "Crossroads of the Pacific"
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U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii in early 1800s
First church built in the late 1820s
Also, millions of American invested in
sugar/pineapple plantations
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U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U.S. protectorate in 1849, by
1887, U.S. re-wrote their constitution, giving
only white, land owning men the right to vote
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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians! THINK What are her
views of the United States?
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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• 1893 Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising
  against Queen Liliuokalani, forced its people to
  overthrow her.
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the land the
  Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
• Hawaii remains a U.S. territory until 1959, when
  it is made the 50th state.

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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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Alaska
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Sewards Folly 1867
Purchase of Alaska for 7.2 milliona mistake?
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Sewards Icebox 1867
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(No Transcript)
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SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)

• Causes of the War
• 1. Despotic Spanish rule over Cuba
• A. Spain denied civil liberties political
  rights
• B. Levied heavy taxes restricted foreign trade
• C. Ruthlessly suppressed rebellions
• D. Spain finally abolished slavery in 1886
• E. Economic depression brings another
• revolt for INDEPENDENCE

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Jose Marti

• Consider the Father of Cuban Independence
• Died in 1895 leading independence uprising
  against the Spanish.

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2. American Humanitarianism sympathy

• A. Sympathized with desire for independence
• B. Outraged when over 200,000 Cubans died in
• concentration camps of hunger and
  disease

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3. ECONOMIC INTERESTS

• A. American merchants traded with Cuba to the
• amount of 100 Million a year
• B. American investors placed 50 million in
• sugar and tobacco plantations.

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4. Yellow Journalism

• A. William Randolph Hearst NY Journal
• B. Joseph Pulitzer New York World
• C. Both Newspapers sought to increase
• circulation by sensationalized news
  stories.
• 3) Hearsts Journal printed the Delome Letter
• Spanish ambassador calls McKinley
  weak

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William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
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Pulitzer vs. Hearst
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Frederick Remington - artist

• Sent to Cuba by Wm. R. Hearst to draw pictures of
  Cubas fight against Spanish.
• Wm. Randolph Hearst Frederick
  Remington

You supply the pictures and Ill supply the war!
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De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  catering to the rabble and, besides, a low
  politician who desires to leave a door open to
  himself and to stand well with the jingos of his
  party.

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5. Sinking of the Maine Feb 1898

• A. American battleship visiting Cuba blown up
• 260 Americans killed
• B. Cause probably fire in a coal bin
• C. But, American public goaded on by the
• Yellow Press blames SPAIN

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Sensationalism Yellow Journalism
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Outbreak of the War

• McKinley demands Spain ends camps and negotiate
  with Cuban rebels
• April 11, 1898 McKinley asks Congress to use
  American armed forces in Cuba
• Congress approves on 4-20, and recognizes Cubas
  INDPENDENCE from Spain
• Congress adopts Teller Amendment which stated
  that the United States would not.

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Teller Amendment 1898

• Made PRIOR to Sp-Am War
• U.S. could NOT ANNEX Cuba
• US must leave control of island to its People
• Superceded by PLATT AMENDMENT

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CONDUCT OF THE WAR

• Battle Cry Remember the Maine,
• to HELL with Spain!

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George Dewey

• Victorious Admiral at
• Battle of Manila Bay
• Philippines

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Rough Riders San Juan Hill
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Terms - Treaty of Paris - 1898

• Spain agreed
• 1) CUBA independent
• 2) Puerto Rico and Guam given to USA
• 3) Philippines sold to USA for 20 Million

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Platt Amendment - post-war

• Followed Sp Am War
• Cuba must accept for US to withdraw
• Cuba could not allow foreign powers to control it
• USA could lease land for naval base Guantanamo
  Bay

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Protectorate

• Cuba becomes a Protectorate of USA
• Protectorate a country whose affairs are
  partially controlled by a stronger nation

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Annexation Debate - Philippines

• ANTI-Annexation
• Violated the
• Declaration of Independence
• Denied Self-Government to the new territories
• Introduced more racial problems

• PRO-Annexation
• Educate Filipinos
• Uplift Filipinos
• Civilize Filipinos

William Howard Taft, Governor of Philippines
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The Bolo War

• AKA the Filipino Rebellion
• AKA Philippine-American War
• Lasted 3 years
• Guerilla War
• Filipinos fight for independence
• Led by Emilio Aguinaldo

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Meiji Restoration Japan late 19th C

• Movement to modernize Japan
• Begins w/Commodore Matthew Perrys visit
• Japan begins to adopt Western ways
• Built up navy

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GREAT WHITE FLEET Our Navy
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Spheres of Influence

• Ports or regions where a foreign nation retains
  exclusive rights over trade, mines, rails, etc.

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Open Door PolicyJohn Hay Sec. of State

• Called for open access to all of Chinas ports

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Fight for Panama Canal

• Isthmus narrow strip of land connecting two
  land masses

The Isthmus of Panama
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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Rebellion against Christian missionaries, and
  people that supported imperialist (300 killed),
  U.S. put down rebellion

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Nicaragua

• Original site planned for canal to be built

• French attempting to build a canal in Panama
• Eventually went bankrupt

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PANAMA

• Originally part of Columbia
• Broke away with help of USAs navy
• Gave USA permission to build canal
• 51 miles long, 6 locks
• 27,500 workers died
• Most from disease
• 10 mile canal zone

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The PANAMA CANAL - 1914

• Reduced NY San Francisco trip over 50
• From 13,000 miles to 5,200 miles

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Built during the TR years
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Roosevelt Corollary

• Put some teeth into the Monroe Doctrine
• USA will use
• military to
• enforce the
• Monroe
• Doctrine
• Claimed right
• to police the
• W. Hemsiphere

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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
Dollar Diplomacy using a nations economic
power to influence other countries. Associated
with Taft subsequent presidents