The Nervous and Endocrine Systems

1
The Nervous and Endocrine Systems

• By Sarah Kujawa
• and
• Rebecca Wigington

2
Classify the major structures of the nervous
system (R)
3
Truth or Baloney?

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the
  brain and heart.

spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of
all other nerves projecting from CNS. True!
4
List the 3 general functions of the nervous
system (K)
5
Multiple Choice

• Which of the following is NOT a function of the
  nervous system?
• Sensory
• Integration
• Motor Output
• Hormone Secretion

Hormone Secretion is done by the endocrine system
6
Truth or Baloney

• Motor output is when info from sensory nerves
  integrate into CNS by neurons.

Baloney this is called integration motor output
is the stimulation of muscles and glands to move
and secrete substances.
7
Multiple Choice

• Which of the following is FALSE about sensory
  functions
• It monitors internal environment
• An example is thirst
• It monitors external environment
• It is also called integration

8
BONUS

• What kind of fish performs brain surgery?

A neurosturgeon!
9
Identify and state the function of the components
of nervous tissue (K)
10
Word Bank
cell body
myelin sheath
dendrite
Node of Ranvier
axon
nucleus
11
Truth or Baloney?
The many short fibers that carry impulses to the
cell body are the dendrites.
True!
The covering around an axon is the Node of
Ranvier.
myelin sheath
Baloney!
12
Fill in the Blanks!

• If a neuron is excitable it is able to transmit
  information in the form of the electrochemical
  changes called nerve impulses along nerve fibers
  to other neurons and types of cells.

Word Bank Nerve Impulses, Nerve Fibers
13
Match the neuroglial cells to their function.

• Astrocytes
• Ependymal
• Schwann Cells
• Microglial Cells
• Oligodendrocytes

Engulf microbes and remove waste. Insulate
neurons and form the myelin sheath. Form
connection between blood vessels and
neurons. Helps circulate cerebrospinal
fluid. Insulates the neuron and forms the myelin
sheath.
14
Multiple Choice

• Neuroglial cells can undergo mitosis. This is a
  problem when
• They over reproduce and cause cancer
• They under reproduce and cause cancer
• They begin supporting a neuron
• They stop sending impulses

15
Multiple Choice

• Why is the reproductive inability of most CNS
  neurons a problem?
• They do not sent impulses
• They cannot be replaced once lost
• It results in less neurons as a person ages
• Both B and C

16
Describe the events that lead to the conduction
of a nerve impulse (K)
17
Truth or Baloney

• A nerve impulse is the depolarization and
  repolarization along an axon.

TRUE!!
18
Match the step to its description
A threshold stimulus is received NaK pump in
cell membrane actively transports 3Na ions out
of the cell for every 2K ions pumped into the
cell.
Depolarization
Resting Potential

• Resting Potential, Depolarization,
  Repolarization, Action Potential

19
Match the step to its description
A wave of action potential travels the length of
the nerve fiber as a nerve impulse K diffuses
outward, and the inside of the nerve fiber is
again negative
Action Potential
Repolarization

• Resting Potential, Depolarization,
  Repolarization, Action Potential

20
Na, K, Extracellular Fluid, Intracellular
fluid, Na/ K Pump, Cell membrane
Label the diagram of membrane potential
Na/ K Pump
2.
3.
Na
1.
Extracellular Fluid
Intracellular fluid
4.
K
5.
6.
Cell membrane
21
Label the Diagram
4
Presynaptic Neuron
5
1
6
2
Neurotransmitter
7
3
8
Dendrite of next Neuron
Mitochondria, synaptic vesicle, presynaptic
neuron, dendrite of next neuron, postsynaptic
receptor area, dendrite of next neuron, synaptic
cleft, synaptic knob
22
Multiple Choice

• A synapse is
• The space between two neurons
• The space between two cells.
• The enlargement at the end of a neuron.
• None of these answers are right

23
Truth or Baloney

• A neurotransmitter is a substance secreted by an
  endocrine gland and transported in the blood.

BALONEY! This is describing a hormone. A
neurotransmitter is chemical that axons secrete
on effectors or other neurons. (A chemical
messenger of the nervous system)
24

• An inhibitory/ excitatory neurotransmitter
  decreases the chance that a nerve impulse will
  occur.

Excitatory causes nerve impulses
25
Matching
Matching

• Acetylcholine
• 2. Dopamine
• 3. GABA
• 4. glutamate

• Excitatory activates muscles
• Excitatory learning and memory
• Inhibitory motivation and pleasure and role in
  addiction
• Inhibitory controls brain and anxiety

26

• 1. Epinephrine
• 2. Serotonin
• 3. Endorphin

• Excitatory known as adrenaline, keeps you alert
  and mentally focused
• Inhibitory reduces pain and increases pleasure
• Excitatory sleepiness and mood

27
Explain how certain drugs interfere with nerve
impulses (R)
28
Which diagram displays the effect of drugs on
your brain?
29
Describe a nerve pathway and explain the
importance of reflexes (K)
30
Truth or Baloney

• A nerve pathway is the path that hormones follow.

Baloney!! It is the path made by nerves that
nerve impulses travel by.
31
Put the functions under the correct pathways.

• Voluntary

Involuntary
Happen quickly
Involves only a few neurons
Integrate several brain functions
Simple pathway
Take longer
Highly involved in homeostasis and protective
reflexes
Complex pathway
32
Label the nerve pathway
Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron
3.
1.
neuron
2.
33
Truth or Baloney?

• Sensory neurons carry impulses from receptors to
  the brain or spinal cord.

True!
Interneurons are between vertebrae.
sensory and motor neurons
Baloney!
Motor neurons carry impulses to the brain.
muscles or glands.
Baloney!
Effectors
What else are these known as?!
34
Circle the Right Answer

• A reflex is a(n) voluntary / involuntary,
  semi-unconscious response to a stimulus

35
Match the Reflex to their function!

• Simple Reflex
• Withdrawl Reflex

Involves all 3 types of neurons
Involves 2 neurons
Helps maintain posture
Protective-may limit tissue damage
36
Truth or Baloney

• Simple reflexes go to the brain, making it take
  longer to respond to a stimuli.

Baloney! Simple reflexes by-pass the brain
allowing you to react to a stimulus faster than
you can think about it. This protects you from
more damaging injury than if you didnt have
reflexes
37
Choose the Best Answer

• How does the brain know when a reflex has
  happened?
• Blood vessels send the message
• Bones relay the message
• The message continues up the spinal cord
• None of the above

38
Truth or Baloney

• Health care professionals test reflexes to make
  sure our nerve fibers are sending messages
  effectively, because they are important for our
  protection.

TRUE!!
39
Obtain and analyze graphical representation of
the electrical activity during a reflex (S)
40
B
A
Which letter represents the electrical activity
with reinforcement?
B
41
Evaluate class data regarding the speed of neural
transmission (S)
42
Test Total Time Average
Simple reaction time 3.51 .18
Discrimination reaction time 6.02 .30
Choice reaction time 7.30 .37
Simple reaction time increased distance 5.50 .28
Which reaction was the fastest?
Simple reaction time
43
Identify the structures of the central nervous
system and state their functions (K)
44
Fill in the Blanks!

• The two organs of the CNS are the brain and
  spinal cord.
• Meninges are protective membranes between bone
  and nervous system soft tissues.

Word Bank Spinal Cord, Bone, Brain, Soft Tissue
45
Match the layers to their description.
Inner Layer Outer Layer Middle Layer

• Dura Mater
• (tough mother)
• Arachnoid Mater (spider mother)
• Pia Mater
• (delicate mother)

46
Truth or Baloney

• The cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the
  ventricles of the brain and its primary function
  is to send neural transitions.

Baloney! It is protects the brain and excretes
waste products
47
Truth or Baloney?
17

• The spinal cord is a bundle of neurons about 2
  inches in length.

Baloney!
The Spinal cord is made up of gray matter and
white matter.
True!
48
Circle the Right Answer

• The spinal cord / vertebrae conducts nerve
  impulses and is the center for spinal reflexes.

The vertebrae protects the spinal cord
49
Circle the Right Answer

• Gray / White matter is made up of axons.

Gray matter is made of cell bodies, glial cells
and blood vessels
50
Truth or Baloney

• Six spinal nerves extend from each segment of
  the spinal cord to allow nerves to go to each
  side of the body.

Baloney! Only two spinal nerves extend from each
segment of the spinal cord
51
Label the diagram of a Spinal Cord.
Word Bank Grey Matter, White Matter, Central
Canal, Spinal Nerve
52
Name the parts of the brain!
2.
Cerebrum
3.
Diencephalon
4.
Cerebellum
1.
Brainstem
Word Bank Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brainstem,
Cerebrum
53
Identify the parts of a sheep brain in the lab!
Word Bank
Cerebrum
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
54
What part of the brain do these structures make
up?
Brainstem!
Word Bank Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Midbrain
55
Match the Structures with their Function!
Interprets all functions except smell. Also
contains synapses for voluntary
movement. Associated with regulation and
coordination of movement, posture and balance.
Responsible for basic life functions.
Associated with higher brain functions such as
thought and action. Controls the automatic
nervous system and coordinates the nervous and
endocrine system.

• Brain stem
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum

56
Know their functions!!
Word Bank Temporal Lobe, Frontal Lobe, Occipital
Lobe, Parietal Lobe
57
Generate and interpret graphs to show the effect
of distracters on memory (S)
58
Effect of distracters on memory
Which distracter most effected memory?
Texting
59
Where are memories processed?

1. The limbic system
2. The cerebellum
3. The hippocampus
4. The hypothalamus

60
Which of the following effect memory negatively?

1. Amnesia
2. Stroke
3. Drugs
4. Sleep
5. Alzheimers Disease
6. Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
7. Good nutrition

61
Which of the following can improve memory?

1. Practice
2. Making up stories about what is being memorized
3. Chunking words together
4. All of the above

62
Name and describe the structures of the
peripheral nervous system (K)
63
Word Bank Cervical Nerves, Sacral Nerves, Cauda
Equina, Thoracic Nerves, Lumbar Nerves
64
Match the Spinal Nerve to the area it controls

• Cervical Nerve
• Thoracic Nerves
• Lumbar Nerves
• Sacral Nerves
• Cauda Equina
• Coccygeal Nerve

• Thoracic organs, upper abdominal organs
• Head, Neck, Arms
• Lower back, legs, lower abdomen
• Buttocks, Hips, Rectum
• Pelvic organs, bladder
• Skin on back of coccyx

65
Match the Cranial Nerves to their function!

• Olfactory
• Optic
• Vagus
• Hypoglossal
• Vestibulocochlear
• Facial
• Trigeminal

Vision
Speech and swallowing
Smell
Hearing and balance
Tongue
Sensation in face
Expression and taste
66
Circle the Right Answer

• The Somatic / Autonomic Nervous System
  stimulates skeletal muscles.

The Autonomic Nervous System stimulate smooth/
cardiac muscles and glands
67
Multiple Choice

• In which of the following situations is the
  autonomic nervous system important?
• Being able to run in a fight or flight situation
• Controlling heart rate
• Allowing people to rest and digest
• Both B and C

68
Compare and contrast the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system (R)
69

• The parasympathetic nervous system causes
  increased / decreased heart rate, increased /
  decreased blood pressure, and increased /
  decreased digestion.

70
Define hormone (K)
71
Multiple Choice!

• A hormone is described as

1. Any tissue or organ that secretes directly into
   the bloodstream.
2. A cell having a specific receptor that reacts
   with another specific cell.
3. A chemical that affects the metabolism or
   behavior of a cell.

72
Name and Describe the locations of the major
endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete (K)
73
10.
1.
WORD BANK Hypothalamus Pituitary Thymes
Pancreas Testes Ovaries
Thyroid Adrenal Glands Parathyroid
Pineal
9.
8.
2.
7.
3.
6.
Ovaries
5.
Testes
4.
74
Match the Endocrine Gland with what it Secretes!

• Pineal Gland
• Pancreas
• Ovaries
• Testes
• Adrenal
• Parathyroid

Insulin Testosterone PTH Adrenaline Melatonin Estr
ogen
75
Describe the steps that take place during the
release of a hormone (K)
76
Put in order and provide an example!

• 2) The hormone is shuttles through the blood
  stream to a target cell.
• 4) Negative feedback system control when the
  endocrine gland should be inhibited or begin to
  secrete again.
• 3) Hormones stimulate changes in the target cell.
• 1) The nervous system causes a hormone to be
  released.

No example necessary
Adrenaline stops being produced after fight or
flight response.
Cardiac cells are targeted- heart beats faster.
Skeletal muscles undergo cellular respiration.
A fight or flight response, when you sleep,
during digestion.
77
Compare and contrast the nervous system and
endocrine system (R)
78
Truth or Baloney

• The nervous system is made out of epithelial
  cells

Baloney. The nervous system is made out of
neurons and neorglial cells. This is describing
the endocrine system
The name of the chemical that sends the signal in
the endocrine system is called a hormone.
TRUE!!!
79
Circle the Right Answer

• The chemical signal is received at receptors on
  the postsynaptic neuron in the Nervous System /
  Endocrine System.
• The speed of onset of response in the nervous
  system is milliseconds /
• seconds-hours.

80
Truth or Baloney

• The duration of action in the endocrine system
  can be brief to days long.

TRUE!! (In the Nervous System the duration is
milliseconds long.