Why Organize?

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(No Transcript)
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Why Organize?

• Increases speaker effectiveness
• Influences comprehension of ideas
• Listeners are less likely to retain ideas in a
  poorly organized speech.
• Is more persuasive to listeners
• Enhances speaker credibility

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Written vs Oral Communication

• Oral communication requires
• More explicit organization
• Greater redundancy within the message
• Less complex sentence structure

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The Body is the Substance

• The body of the speech supports the central idea
  or thesis statement.
• 5-10 minute speeches should have no more that
  three main points.
• 11-20 minute speeches can have more points.
• Questions and answers need more time.
• Prepare the body of the speech prior to the
  introduction and conclusion.

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Outlines Provide a Clear Concise Profile of the
Speech

• A working outline provides a basic map of the
  speech.
• A formal outline includes all main points,
  supporting materials, transitions, and
  bibliographical sources.
• A key word (speaking) outline includes only key
  words and is used to trigger the speakers memory.

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Speech Patterns

• 1. Time pattern
• Chronological are useful for describing
  processes, for explaining historical events, or
  for tracing a sequence of actions.
• 2. Spatial
• Left to right, top to bottom, north to southare
  useful when for explaining layouts, geographic
  relationships, or connection among objects.
• Example Buddhism has spread from its origins in
  Eastern cultures to Western societies.

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• 3. Topical
• Categories or classes (a logical division)
• Examples the three branches of government, how
  college fees are used on campus
• 4. Star
• Includes several main points that work together
  to support a theme
• Different points are given more or less attention
  when speaking to different audiences.
• Example a political candidate has five main
  points and might vary which point he/she begins
  with depending on audience analysis

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Point
The Star Pattern
Thematic
Circle
Point
Point
Point
Point
Jaffe, p. 178
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Speech Patterns

• 5. Wave
• Each main idea builds up from evidence then
  crests in a main point
• Example Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream

Conclusion
First point
Second point
Third point
Introduction
Build material
Repetition of form or material
Transition
Transition
Transition
Jaffe, p. 175
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Speech Patterns

• 6. Comparative
• Compares two or more objects, people, situations,
  events
• Example comparing a computer to the human brain
• 7. Problem-solution
• Describes a problem and then proposes a solution
• Often used when audiences need to be made aware
  of a problem before they are presented a solution
• 8. Cause-effect and Effect-cause
• Argues a direct relationship

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Speech Patterns

• 8. Cause-effect and Effect-cause
• Argues a direct relationship
• Examples
• Cause-effect
• Immigration has affected Americas social
  programs, cultural life, and productivity.
• Effect-cause
• Immigration to the United States in recent years
  is caused by the lack of education and
  opportunities in many other countries

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Designing the Introduction

• Gain listeners interest and attention.
• Present a dramatic piece of evidence.
• Ask a rhetorical question.
• Refer to events the audience knows about.
• Humor can be used cautiously.
• State the thesis statement.
• Preview the speeches main points.

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Sample Introductions

• Present a dramatic piece of information.
• By the year 2005 European Americans will no
  longer be the majority of U. S. Citizens.
• Ask a rhetorical question.
• Do you know the biggest cause of death among
  college students?
• Refer to events the audience knows about.
• If youre like me you went home over the break
  and enjoyed good food, a clean bed, and a
  comfortable house. But not everyone has those
  comforts.

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Crafting the Conclusion

• Last chance to drive home the message
• An effective conclusion
• Summarizes content
• Provides a memorable final thought
• Is short and focused

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Sample Conclusions

• Summarize the content of your speech
• I hope that my speech has informed you of your
  legal rights in interviews and what you can do if
  an interviewer violates them.
• Provide a memorable final thought
• I am alive today because there was blood
  available for a massive transfusion when I had my
  automobile accident. Any one of us could need it
  tomorrow.

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A formal outline includes all main points,
supporting materials, transitions, and a
bibliography of sources.

• I. Introduction
• A. Attention Would you vote for a system
  in which half of us work only one job and the
  other half of us work two and everyone gets equal
  rewards? No? Well thats the system that most
  families in this country operate under today.
• B. Thesis Statement Womens double shift
  in paid labor and the home has negative effects
  on them personally and on marriages.
• C. Preview In the next few minutes, I
  will show that the majority of married women work
  two jobs one in the paid labor market and one
  when they get home. I will then trace the
  harmful effects of this inequitable division of
  labor.

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• II. Body
• A. The majority of married women today work
  two jobs one in the paid
• labor market and a second when they
  get home each day.
• 1. Most families today have two wage
  earners.
• a. Only 17 of contemporary families have
  one earner.
• b. As married women have taken on full-time
  jobs outside of the home over the past three
  decades, husbands of working wives have
  increased the amount of housework and child care
  they do from 20 to 30.
• 2. Working wives do more homework
  than working husbands.
• a. Research shows that husbands
  tend to do the less routine chores while wives
  do most of the daily chores.
• b. Husbands reasons for not doing more
  work in the home are that they are tired after
  work, they dont feel men should do many home
  chores, and their wives dont expect them to help
  out more.
• 3. Working wives tend to do more
  homemaking and child care chores,
• regardless of which spouse earns
  more in the job outside the home..
• a. Consider Jeremy and Nancy. She
  earns 65 of the familys income, and she does
  80 of the child care and home chores.
• b. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild
  found that 2 out of 10 husbands in two-worker
  families do 50 of the work involving
  homemaking and child care.

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• Transition Now that weve seen what the double
  shift is, lets consider its effects.
• B. The double shift harms womens health and
  creates marital stress.
• 1. The double shift harms womens physical and
• psychological health.
• a. Research shows that women who work
  outside of the home and do most of the
  homemaking and child care suffer sleep
  deprivation, reduced immunity to infections,
  and increased susceptibility to illnesses.
• b. A recent study by the American Medical
  Association found that working women who do the
  majority of homework are more stressed,
  depressed, and anxious.
• 2. The double shift also erodes marital
  satisfaction.
• a. Women resent husbands who dont
  contribute a fair share to homelife.
• b. Inequitable division of homework is
  linked to separations and divorces.

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• Transition Let me now pull together what the
  double shift is and how it harms women and
  marriages.
• III. Conclusion
• A. Summary Ive shown you that the majority
  of wives today work a double shift while
  their husbands do not. This is not only
  unfair, it is also harmful to womens health and
  to marriages.
• B. Final Appeal Each of us who chooses to
  marry can create an equitable marriage.
  As Ive shown you, the reward for making
  that choice is healthier wives and happier, more
  enduring marriages. Thats a pretty good
  return on the investment of creating an
  equitable marriage.

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Key Word (Speaking) Outline

• I. Introduction
• A. Half work one, half work two
• B. Effects---personal on marriage
• C. Majority of married women effects of
  inequity
• II. Body
• A. Majority of married womentwo jobs
• 1. Two wage earners standard
• a. 17 single wage earner
• b. Husbands contribution
  increased from 20-30
• 2. Wives do more homework
• a. Husband do less routine
  chores
• b. Reasons
• i. Tired
• ii. Not mens jobs
• iii. Wives dont expect help
• 3. Womens homework not tied to
  salary
• a. Jeremy and Nancy
• b. Hochschild study

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• B. Effects
• 1. Physical and psychological
• a. Sleep, illness, infection
• b. Stress, depressed, anxious
• 2. Erodes marital satisfaction
• a. Resentment
• b. Marital stability
• III. Conclusion
• A. Unfair health harms marital
  stability and satisfaction
• B. Your choicereturn on investment

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Primary Qualities of Oral Communication

• It is more informal than written communication.
• Contractions and sentence fragments are used.
• Simple sentences are appropriate.
• Personal stories and pronouns are included.
• It is more immediate and active that written
  communication.
• Repetition is used for retention of ideas.

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Styles of Delivery

• Impromptu speaking involves little preparation.
• Extemporaneous relies on preparation and practice
  but actual words and nonverbal behaviors arent
  memorized.
• Manuscript speaking involves speaking from a
  complete manuscript.
• Memorized speaking commits the entire speech to
  memory.

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Reducing Apprehension

• Systematic Desensitization associates feeling
  relaxed with images of yourself in communication
  situations.
• Cognitive Restructuring teaches people to
  identify and challenge negative self-statements.
• Positive Visualization guides speakers to imagine
  positive speaking situations.
• Skills Training focuses on teaching speaking
  skills.

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My speech will be terrific!
It is normal to be nervous!
I am prepared!
I have a topic I want to share!
Microsoft Photo
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Guidelines for Effective Delivery

• Adapt your appearance to your listeners.
• Adapt your appearance to the speaking situation.
• Use gestures to enhance impact.
• Adopt a confident posture.
• Use confident, dynamic body movement.
• Maintain good eye contact with listeners.

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Guidelines for Effective Delivery

• Use volume that is strong but not overpowering.
• Use inflection to enhance your message.
• Use pauses for effect.
• Do not let accent interfere with clarity.
• Articulate clearly.

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Practice

• Begin practicing your speech several days prior
  to delivery.
• Use your key word (speaking) outline when
  rehearsing.
• Use all visual aids you plan to use.
• Practice in front of a mirror, videotape the
  speech, then when you are comfortable practice in
  front of friends and family.
• Practice until you can present your speech
  extemporaneously but do not memorize it.

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View the following video clip of a section of
Adam Curriers Speech of Introduction and discuss
his delivery methods.
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(No Transcript)