PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Photosynthesis

• Involves the Use Of light Energy to convert Water
  (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2)
  and High Energy Carbohydrates (sugars, e.g.
  Glucose) Starches

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The Photosynthesis Equation
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
THYLAKOIDS
GRANUM (pl. grana)

• sac-like
• photosynthetic stack of thylakoids
• membranes
• inside chloroplast

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SPACES
THYLAKOIDSPACE
STROMA
Gel-filled space inside chloroplast
surrounding thylakoid sac
Gel-filled space Inside the thylakoid sac
cytoplasm
Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside
the cell membrane
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS

• Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane
  organize
• ________________________________ into clusters
  called
• _____________________

Light absorbing PIGMENTS
PHOTOSYSTEMS
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Pigments

• In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light
  energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments
• Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing
  pigment in autotrophs
• Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts

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Light and Pigments

• Light Contains A Mixture Of Wavelengths
• Different Wavelengths Have Different Colors

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Light Pigments

• Different pigments absorb different wavelengths
  of light
• Energy from light excites electrons in the
  plants pigments
• Excited electrons carry the absorbed energy

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(No Transcript)
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent
Reaction
Light-Independent Reactions
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LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
ATP SYNTHASE
INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE
?

• PHOTOSYSTEM II

?
ELECTRON TRANSPORTSYSTEM

?
PHOTOSYSTEM I
OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA
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WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM
I?
It was discovered and named 1st

• PHOTOSYSTEM II

?

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PHOTOSYSTEM I
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REMEMBER DIFFUSION?

• Molecules move
• automatically from
• where theres A LOT
• to where theres NOT

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• Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference
  in concentration in one place compared to another
• ________________________

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
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LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
SEE A MOVIEATP SYNTHASEIN ACTION
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• LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
• Requires ______________
• Pigments that absorb light are part of
  ____________________________
• Made up of ____________________________
• connected by ______________________________
• ___________________
• Uses light energy to create
• _______ and
• _________
• Breaks apart ______ molecules and
  releases _____________

LIGHT
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II I
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP
NADPH
H20
oxygen
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent
Reaction
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Video 5
Calvin Cycle (8E)

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Calvin Cycle
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar Produced
See Calvin cycleanimation
Sugars and other compounds
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• CALVIN CYCLE
• (also called _________________________)
• ____________ require ____________
• Happens in the _________ between thylakoids
• NADPH donates ________________________
• ATP donates _________________
• CO2 donates ____________________
• to make __________

LIGHT INDEPENDENT
DOES NOT
LIGHT
STROMA
Hydrogen electrons
ENERGY
Carbon oxygen
GLUCOSE
http//www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/bi
obk/BioBookCHEM2.html
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Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER

• ____________________
• Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
• A shortage of water can ________________
• photosynthesis

slow or stop
Desert plants and conifers that live in dry
conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves
to prevent water loss.
http//www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cact
us.JPG
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Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
TEMPERATURE

• Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0 C
  - 35 C
• At temperatures above or below this range,
  photosynthesis will slow or stop
• Conifers in winter may carry out
• photosynthesis only occasionally

http//www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen
10.jpg
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REMEMBER CELL BIO

• Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and
  __________.
• Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC
• or TOO HOT cause proteins
• to unwind or _________

pH
temperature
DENATURE
http//www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg
http//www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fr
ied_egg.jpg
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Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making
it not work
HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant)
is important for maintaining enzyme function.
Image fromhttp//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/far
abee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html
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Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY

• ____________________
• More light increases rate of photosynthesis
• up to a certain level until plant reaches its
• maximum rate of photosynthesis

See effect of light experiment
http//www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm
http//206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/f
unny20sun20with20sunglasses.gif
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THE BIG PICTURE

• PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides
• the _____________ we breathe
• and the __________
• heterotrophs (like us)
• consume to survive

OXYGEN
sugars
Carbondioxide
Sugars
WATER
Oxygen
_____________ ____________
_______________ ____________
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Concept Map
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
to produce
to produce
of
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Concept Map
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
to produce
to produce
of
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SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS

• Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis
• The students will be able to
• explain the biochemical processes that a plant
  uses in photosynthesis
• explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the
  chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1)
• explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1)
• explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the
  Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

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SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCEIndicator 1 Understand the
fundamental structures, functions,
classifications, and mechanisms found in living
things

• 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
  functions and processes to specialized structures
  within cells.
• Photosynthesis and respiration
• ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of
  enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

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Core High School Life SciencePerformance
Descriptors
High school students performing at the ADVANCED level explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle predict the function of a given structure predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems
High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment
High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions define homeostasis
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SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCEIndicator 1 Understand the
fundamental structures, functions,
classifications, and mechanisms found in living
things.

• 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the
  physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis
  and cell respiration and their importance to
  plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS)
• Examples photosystems,
  photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs
  Cycle

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SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE

• Indicator 1 Understand the fundamental
  structures, functions, classifications, and
  mechanisms found in living things.
• 9-12.L.1.2A. (Synthesis) Describe how living
  systems use biofeedback mechanisms to maintain
  homeostasis.
• 9-12.L.1.4A. (Application) Identify factors that
  change the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions.