INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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ORGANIC MOLECULES

• Organic means contains carbon
• 90 of all known compounds are organic

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ELEMENTS IN ORGANIC MOLECULES

• There are six elements that are most common in
  organic molecules
• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Sulfur (S)

CHONPS (Like CHOMPS, but with an N!)
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CARBON

• Carbon can form covalent bonds with
• 4 other atoms.
• Because Carbon can bond with four other atoms,
  Carbon can help make many different structures.
  This helps to ensure diversity of life on earth!

H
H
C
H
H
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COVALENT BONDS

• In covalent bonds, atoms share electrons
• They are the strongest type of chemical bond
• Atoms can share one, two or three electrons.

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TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS

• Share one electron Single bond
• C-C
• Share two electrons Double bond
• CC
• Share three electrons Triple bond
• C?C

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ISOMERS

• Isomers molecules that have the same chemical
  formula, but different structural formulas
• different structure means different chemical
  properties (they act differently)
• Isomers have the same parts (atoms), but they
  have different structures

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Glucose (C6H12O6)
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WHAT ARE ATOMS?

• Atoms (smallest piece of a certain element)

Oxygen Atom
Carbon Atom
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PUTTING ATOMS TOGETHER MAKES MOLECULES

• Molecules A combination of atoms
• Example Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• How many atoms of Carbon does CO2 have?

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DIFFERENT WAYS OF VISUALIZING (DRAWING)
MOLECULES Example Water
Remember In covalent bonds, atoms share
electrons. This holds each atom together.
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THE FOUR MOST COMMON TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

• Carbohydrates such as sugar and pasta
• Lipids such as butter and olive oil
• Proteins such as meat, nuts and soy
• Nucleic Acids such as DNA

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EXAMPLES CARBOHYDRATES
Sucrose ?
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EXAMPLES LIPIDS
Triglyceride
Fatty Acids
Cholesterol
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EXAMPLES PROTEINS
Amino Acids
Hemoglobin (a protein)
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EXAMPLES NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleotides
DNA
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HOW TO REMEMBER STRUCTURES

• Carbohydrates
• Have a 5-Carbon ring form, or often have many
  rings joined in a line (or branching from each
  other) by an oxygen molecule
• Lipids
• Have long hydrocarbon chains (chains of hydrogen
  and carbon atoms), and steroids have rings joined
  at the side.

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HOW TO REMEMBER STRUCTUREScontinued

• Proteins Carbon atom with four groups coming
  off of it
• 1) COO- 2) H 3)H3N 4) random
• Or, the molecule is made of many of these Carbon
  atom groups joined together and looks globular
• Nucleic Acids single 6-Carbon ring structures,
  or a 6-C ring fused to a 5-C ring. Many of these
  joined together