1
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• Creation ????
• ???????,???????
• ????????
• ????????
• Reminder?
• ????????????????,?????????????,??,
  ??????,???????????
• ?????????????,???????????,?????????,?????????????

3

• ????????????????
• ??????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????
  ???????????,?123?

4

• ???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????,???????????????
• ???????????????????????

5

• ???????????????????????????,???????????,??????????
  ??
• ?????????????????,????,????,????,????,?????????,??
  ???,????,?????,?????,?????,?????,?????,???????
  ?
• ????????????????????,???,???????

6

• ??????????????????
• ?? ??????
• ????????,??????????,????,????,????,?????
  ,?????,?????,??????,??????,????,????,????,????
  ??????????? (???????????)

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• ?? Hesiod, Theogony
• ??????
• ???? chaos (??) ????(void),???????,?
  ?????? ( Mother Earth Gaea),????Tartarus
  (?????)??? Eros (???)
• Etymologically (???)
• chaos is related to our word gap the
  separation of two things to make a gap in the
• middle

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• ??????,?????????????????
• ????? ??????????,???????????
• ?????????? ???????????,??????????????
  (????????????)?
• (4) ??????????????????
• ???????
• ??????????
• (5) ????? ????????????????????,??????,???????
  ????

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• ????????????????
• ?????????????
• eros (?)????????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ??? (relatively) ,????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ????????,????,????,?????,????,???????,??????

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• ????,??????????????,?????,?????,???????????? (
  ???) ?????,???,???,?????
• ?????,????????,?????????????
• ???,???,???,???,??????,??????,???,?????

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• Comparative Myths of Creation (compiled/edited by
  Fred Cheung)
• The Greek Creation Myth
• Chaos was first to appear, then Gaea, earth, the
  broad-bosomed, unshakable base of things, then
  Tartarus, windswept and dark, deep in caverns of
  broad-wayed earth. And Eros, the fairest of all
  the immortals, arose, who frees us all from our
  sorrows, but ruins our hearts good sense,
  breaking the wisest intentions of gods and
  mortals alike. From Chaos came Erebus, darkness,
  and Nyx, night, mother of Aether, radiance, and
  Hemera, day these Nyx conceived by uniting with
  Erebus, gloomy and sober. (Hesiod, Theogony,
  116-125.) Barry B. Powell, Classical Myth. 3rd
  ed., New York Prentice-Hall, 2001, pp. 72-73.

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• The Chinese Creation Myth
• Chaos was like a hens egg. The parts of the egg
  separated into the Yin and Yang, the male and
  female essences of all living things. The
  lighter parts rose to the top, becoming sky and
  heaven, while the heavier parts sank to become
  the earth and sea. Out of this egg also came the
  giant Pangu. Pangu grew at the rate of ten feet
  per day for eighteen thousand years until his
  height spanned the distance between earth and
  heaven. Then Pangu died. Upon his death, his
  body decomposed and his stomach formed the
  central mountains his eyes the sun and the moon
  his tears, rivers his breath, the wind and his
  bones, metals and stones. His semen became
  pearls, and his bone marrow, jade. J. F.
  Bierlein, Parallel Myths. New York Ballatine
  Wellspring, 1994, pp.53-54.

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• The Biblical Creation Story
• In the beginning, when God created the heaven and
  the earth, the earth was a formless and unbounded
  mass, with darkness covering its fluid chaos, and
  with a wind from God sweeping over it. God said,
  Let there be light! and there was light. God
  saw the goodness of the light and separated it
  from the darkness the light he called day and
  the darkness night. Thus evening and morning
  came into being, a complete day. Then God said,
  Let there be a partition in the middle of the
  watery chaos, spreading out to separate the
  waters. So it came about, and the partition
  divided the waters below it from those above God
  called the partition sky. The evening came and
  the morning, making up the second day. (Genesis
  1.1-8) Barry B. Powell, Classical Myth. 3rd
  ed., New York Prenctice-Hall, 2001, p. 102.

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• The Babylonian Enuma Elish
• The best example of Mesopotamian creation myth is
  the Babylonian poem Enuma Elish. The poem opens
  with the gods of the primordial waters, male
  Apsu, fresh water, and female Tiamat, salt water,
  mingled together in an indeterminate mass
• When on high heaven was not yet named,
• Nor was the hard ground below called by name -
• There was nothing but primordial Apsu, the
  begetter,
• And Mother Tiamat, she who gave birth to
  everything.
• The waters of Tiamat and Apsu were mingled
  together as a single body.
• No one had woven a reed hut. There was no marsh
  land.
• It was a time before the gods had come into
  being,

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• Or were called by name, or their destines
  determined ---
• This was when the gods took form within them
  i.e., the waters of Apsu Tiamat. To
  name is to create, for the essence of a creature
  resides in the word that designates it .
• Lahmu and Lahamu Mr. Mrs. Mud the
  primordial slime were brought forth, called by
  their names
• Before they had grown.
• Anshar and Kishar Heaven and Earth, Up Down,
  to judge from the roots took form, greater than
  the others.
• They made the days long, added on years time
  passed.
• Anu was their heir, rival to his own fathers.
• Barry B. Powell, Classical Myth. 3rd ed., New
  York Prentice-Hall, 2001, p. 95.

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• The Hittite Kingship in Heaven and the Song of
  Ullikummi
• Other Eastern myths important to the later
  classical tradition come from the mighty
  Indo-European Hittites, who ruled the central
  Anatolian plain in the Late Bronze Age. Their
  powerful capital was near modern Ankara, and
  their art and culture were strong well into the
  8th century B.C. in what is today southeastern
  Turkey and northern Syria. Only small portions
  of a poem called Kingship in Heaven survived, but
  the myth has clear relevance to the Greek
  cosmogony
• In earlier years, Alalush was king in heaven.
• Alalush sits there on his throne.
• And strong Anush Anu, first of the gods, is
  his servant.
• He bows to him at his feet.
• He always gives him great cups to drink into his
  hand.
• For nine years of rule, Alalush was king in
  heaven.
• After nine years, Anush made war against Alalush.
• He defeated Alulush who fled under the dark
  earth, but Anush sat on the throne.
• Anush is there on his throne and strong Kumarbi
  always gives him food to eat and he always bows
  at his feet and always gives him great cups into
  his hand.

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• For nine years Anush ruled as king in heaven.
• In the ninth year, Anush made war with Kumarbi.
• The eyes of Kumarbi he could not defeat.
• He slipped from Kumarbis hand and fled.
• Anush the eagle flew in the sky and Kumarbi
  closed in behind him, grabbed his feet and pulled
  him down from the sky.
• Kumarbi bit off Anushs genitals.
• His sperm went into Kumarbis stomach.
• He swallowed Anushs sperm and was happy and he
  laughed.

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• And Anush turned back to him and began to speak
  to Kumarbi
• You are really pleased about your stomach. It
  swallowed my sperm. You should not rejoiced! I
  have placed a burden in your middle. First, I
  have made you pregnant with the storm god second
  with the river Aranzakh The Tigris third, with
  the heavy Tasmishu an attendant of the storm
  god. And I placed the burden, the terrible gods
  into your middle! You will perish, hitting your
  head on the mountain Tashshu!
• When Anush finished speaking, he disappeared.
• Then Kumarbi went high into the heavens.

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• Another Hittite tale, the Song of Ullikummi,
  tells us more about the celestial kingship and
  Kumarbis struggle for ascendancy. Kumarbi
  planned destruction for the storm god Teshub, who
  seems to be Kumarbis own son. Kumarbi took
  wisdom unto his mind, rose from his chair, took
  a staff, put a sandals on his feet, and set ouot
  to a place called Cool Pond. There Kumarbi had
  intercourse with a huge rock, .. The rock became
  pregnant and gave birth to a stone child. The
  child was placed on Kumarbis knees and Kumarbi
  named him Ullikummi (Destroyer of Kumiya, the
  city of Teshub).
• Barry B. Powell, Classical Myth. 3rd ed., New
  York Prentice-Hall, 2001, pp. 99-101.

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• Observations The Succession Myth in Hesiod and
  the Near East
• In both Enuma Elish (Babylonian Myth) and
  Hesiods Theogony (Greek), the first generation
  of gods is made up of primal pairs Apsu, the
  male sweet waters, and Tiamat, the female salt
  waters, and Uranus and Gaea. The fathers Apsu
  and Uranus hate the first children, who are
  begotten within the mother. In an initial round
  of conflict the clever son Ea and Cronus
  overthrow their fathers. In a second round of
  conflict, gods of the third generation --- Marduk
  and the storm god Zeus --- revolt against an
  earlier divine generation. Terrible monsters are
  overcome Tiamat and her army in Enuma Elish, and
  the Titans, Typhoeus, and the Giants, all
  children of Gaea, in the Greek story. The storm
  god is then made king. Mesopotamian and Greek
  myths alike report a cosmic history that begins
  with mighty powers of nature and ends in the
  organization of the universe as a monarchic,
  patriarchal state. Both mythical traditions make
  use of the motifs of succession and dragon combat.

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• Similarities between the Hittite and Greek myths
  are equally striking
• Hittites Kingship in Heaven Hesiods Theogony
• Alalush Chaos
• ! !
• Anush (Sumerian Anu, Sky) Uranus (Sky)
• Castrated by his son castrated by his son
• ! !
• Kumarbi Cronus
• ! !
• Teshub (storm god) Zeus (storm god)

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• According to Kingship in Heaven, first a
  primordial god (Alalush) was ruler, then the sky
  god (Anush) ruled, then another god (Kumarbi),
  and then, probably, the storm god (Teshub). The
  same sequence of generations appears in Hesiod
  First, came Chaos (Alalush?), then Uranus/Sky
  (Anush), then Cronus (Kumarbi), then the storm
  god Zeus (Teshub). Both Anu and Uranus were
  castrated by their sons, and gods were born from
  the severed organs. As long as heaven and earth
  are locked in sexual embrace, forming a solid
  whole, there is no space within which the created
  world can appear. Castration was a real practice
  imposed on enemies taken in war, but in logic of
  the myth castration is separation, and separation
  is creation. Both Kumarbi and Cronus have
  children within themselves. The children of
  each, Teshub and Zeus, both storm gods, overcome
  their fathers to win victory in heaven.

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• According to the Hittite Song of Ullikummi, the
  Hittite storm god Teshub must defend his reign
  against a dragon of chaos, Ullikummi, just as
  Zeus takes on the formidable Typhoeus. The
  Hittite Aya/Ea uses the weapon by which heaven
  and earth were separated to cut the enormous
  Ullikummi, born from a rock, away from Ubeluri,
  the giant who holds up the world Zeus too uses a
  special weapon against Typhoeus, the same sickle
  by which Cronus castrated Uranus. Powell,
  Classical Myth, pp. 101-104

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