???????????? How to Select a College That Suits You Best? An Introduction to American Higher Education

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????????????How to Select a College That
Suits You Best?An Introduction to American
Higher Education

• ??
• (Tsung Chi, Ph.D.)
• ????????? (Occidental College)
• ?????????
• ?????????????????

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• 1. Rankings of Colleges and Universities US News
  World Report vs. Forbes
• 2. Origin and Evolution of American Higher
  Education
• From Liberal Arts Education to Professional
  Education
• 3. Origin of Mass Higher Education Public/Land
  Grant Universities
• 4. Introduction to Liberal Arts Education
• 5. Liberal Arts Colleges and Other Types of
  Colleges and Universities
• 6. Four Models of Liberal Arts Education in
  American Higher Education System
• 7. Liberal Arts Education in California Public
  University Systems
• University of California vs. California
  State University
• 8. Residential Colleges in China, Hong Kong,
  Macao, Taiwan, and Singapore
• 9. Best vs. Most Suitable

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1. Rankings of Colleges and UniversitiesUS News
World Report vs. Forbes

• US News (09/08/2014) Forbes (07/30/2014)
• National Comprehensive Universities Combined
  Ranking
• 1. Princeton 1. Williams
• 2. Harvard 2. Stanford
• 3. Yale 3. Swarthmore
• 4. Columbia 4. Princeton
• 4. Stanford 5. MIT
• 4. Chicago 6. Yale
• 7. Harvard
• National Liberal Arts Colleges 8. Pomona
• 1. Williams 9. US Military Academy
• 2. Amherst 10. Amherst
• 3. Swarthmore
• 4. Wellesley
• 5. Bowdoin/Pomona

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Forbes Ranking (continued)

• BC 36
• Berkeley 37
• UCLA 44
• JHU 67
• NYU 72
• UW 73
• USC 78
• Occidental 80
• Santa Clara 86
• BU 89

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2. Origin and Evolution of American Higher
Education From Liberal Arts Education to
Professional Education
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• Classical education focusing on whole education
  (????), including broad academic knowledge,
  cultural cultivation, self-identification and
  realization (?????????) , and even
  moral/personality (??/????) training curriculum.
• The term liberal refers to the nature of
  education for a freeman (???) as opposed to a
  slave who is intellectually blind (?????),
  while arts refers to the medieval, European
  disciplines of grammar, rhetoric, logic,
  geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy
  (?????????????????????).
• In the 17th Century America, liberal arts
  included the study of theology, arts and
  humanities (?????????) only, as in the case of
  Harvard College.
• In the modern time, in addition to theology, arts
  and humanities, mathematics, sciences, and social
  sciences (??????????) have been added to the
  liberal arts curriculum.

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Two Historical Events that Challenged Liberal
Arts Education in America

• Reconstruction Era after the Civil War (1861-65)
  from 1865 to 1877
• ??????????
• (Note ???? 1911 ???? 1927 ???? 1928)
• Great Depression from 1929 to the late 1930s (or
  early 1940s) ?????
• Now with the global recession and the rise of
  China?

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Evolution Becoming Liberal Arts Colleges and
Comprehensive Universities???????? vs. ?????
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3. Origin of Mass Higher Education
Public/Land-grant Universities?? ????

• The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 granted federal
  land to the states for them to establish and
  endow "land grant" state colleges.
• Examples Michigan State Univ. and Penn State
  Univ. (1855) first set up as models, and then
  Univ. of Illinois (1867), UC Berkeley (1868),
  Ohio State Univ. (1870), and so on.

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4. Introduction to Liberal Arts Education

• 4.1 Goals of Liberal Arts Education
• 4.2 Liberal Arts Education vs. Core/General
  Education
• 4.3 Liberal Arts College General Education vs.
  Comprehensive University Professional Education
• 4.4 Performances of Liberal Arts College Graduates

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4.1 Goals of Liberal Arts Education

• Learn how to learn.
• Learn to be enlightened (??) and audacious (??).
• Develop a life-long love for learning.

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4.1.1. Learn how to learn

• First and foremost goals
• Logically
• Critically (with a discerning eye on standard of
  evidence ??)
• Secondary goals
• Cross-culturally (global literacy/awareness)
• Inter-disciplinarily
• Civil engagement and community-based learning

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4.1.2. Learn to be enlightened (??) and audacious
(??)

• High School Education Ordinary Person with
  Common Sense ??
• College Education Educated Person with Knowledge
  ??
• General Education Informed Person with
  Information ??
• Liberal Arts Education Enlightened Person with
  Vision ??
• Be an Audacious Person with Audacity ??

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?????

• ????,?????? (to discover who you
  are)???????,?????
• ?????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????

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????

• Situate ourselves in the world as a freeman
  (????????) rather than an intelligently blind
  person walking in the dark ( ????????????).
• Situate ourselves by defining relations with
  self, family and peer, society and country,
  world, and the nature.
• Situate ourselves in relation to our past and
  future, by knowing where we are coming from and
  where we are going to.

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????

• Logically
• Critically (with a discerning eye on the standard
  of evidence)
• Education must enable one to sift and weigh
  evidence, to discern the true from the false, the
  real from the unreal, and the facts from the
  fiction. (Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1947, at
  age of 18)
• Therefore, to learn how to make
• logical arguments, both verbally
• and in writing, with strong evidence.
• ??????????????

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Play Devils Advocate ????

• Devils advocate is someone who takes a position
  he/she does not necessarily agree with (or simply
  an alternative position from the accepted norm),
  for the sake of augument or to explore the
  thought further.

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????? ??????????

• The hottest places in hell are reserved for
  those who in the times of great moral crisis
  maintain neutrality. Dante (1265 -1321)
• ???????? ??????????????? ????????. ??
• Therefore, taking actions through
• community service and civil engagement
• (?????????).

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4.1.3. Develop a life-long love for learning

• Since learning is more procedural than
  substantial (learn how to learn rather than learn
  something substantial), and learning is
  action-oriented, learning will become a life-long
  experience.

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4.2 Liberal Arts Education vs. Core/General
Education??/?????? vs. ??/????

• The two are similar in that both are opposed to
  professional (??), vocational (??), technical
  (??) and practical (??) education, but they are
  not the same in that general education is part of
  or a more visible framework (?) of liberal arts
  education (?).
• While general education is a knowledge-based
  process of broad exposure to various general
  disciplines (????) which, understandably, can be
  somewhat measured both qualitatively and
  quantitatively, liberal arts education, on the
  other hand, is a personality-oriented process of
  self-identification and self-realization
  (???????????) that can hardly be measured in
  any way.
• Therefore, a good liberal arts college must have
  a solid general education (????), but a school
  even with a general education is not necessarily
  a provider of liberal arts education (????).

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Its Faculty Members

• However, the very essence of liberal arts
  education goes much beyond a simple set of
  courses which can be mechanically offered
  rather, it embraces a set of orientations,
  values, beliefs, and norms that require human
  touches by the faculty, such as, ideally, near
  unselfish devotion and commitment to liberal arts
  education.
• ?????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ??????????

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Liberal arts education blows like a wind

• ?????
• ????
• ?????????

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4.3 Liberal Arts College General Education vs.
Comprehensive University Professional
Education???????????vs. ????????????

• Education in liberal arts colleges (including
  Harvard College) is to produce generalists (????)
  (as exemplified in the original meanings of the
  degrees of BA, MA, Ph.D., etc.) with a whole
  education provided by individualized
  instructions in a residential, intimate,
  small-class learning environment (usually 2,000
  students or less), where extensive interactions
  between faculty and students and among students
  themselves foster a community of serious
  learning.
• ???????(?)????????????????????????????????
• (Elite education ???? Learn to be a
  well-informed ??, enlightened ??, and
  audacious ?? modern citizen ????.)
• Education in (especially public) comprehensive
  universities is to produce specialists (????)
  with professional (??), vocational (??),
  technical (??) and practical (??) trainings in a
  much larger learning environment.
• (Mass education ???? Learn to be a working
  professional ????.)

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4.4 Performances of Liberal Arts College Graduates

• Although liberal arts college graduates are
  very small in number when compared to those of
  larger public universities, they are
  disproportionately represented among leaders in
  many spheres of American society. According to a
  1998 study (http//www.collegenews.org/topliberala
  rtscolleges.xml), even though only 3 percent
  (only 2 now) of American college and university
  graduates received education at a liberal arts
  college, alumni of these small colleges accounted
  for
• 8 percent of the nations wealthiest CEOs in 1998
  
• 19 percent of U.S. presidents, including
  Presidents Nixon and Reagan.
• 23 percent of Pulitzer Prize winners in drama, 19
  percent of the winners in history, 18 percent in
  poetry, 8 percent in biography, and 6 percent in
  fiction from 1960 to 1998
• 9 percent of all Fulbright scholarship awardees
• 24 percent of all Mellon fellowships recipients
  in the humanities
• 20 percent of Phi Beta Kappa, the oldest and most
  prestigious honors society in the United States,
  inductions between 1995 and 1997

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• The same study of 1998 also suggests that
  liberal arts college graduates are
  disproportionately represented in the American
  scientific community. These colleges have
  produced nearly twice as many students who earn a
  Ph.D. in science as other institutions. Nearly 20
  percent of the scientists elected to the National
  Academy of Sciences in a recent two-year period
  were alumni of a liberal arts college.

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5. Liberals Arts Colleges and Other Types of
Colleges and Universities
National Private University (R) (???????) Harvard Univ. (Stanford) Regl Private University (T V) (???????) Loyola Marymont Univ. (Santa Clara)
National Liberal Arts College (T) (???????, n125) Williams College (Occidental) (Where did McCain, H. Clinton and Obama go to college?) Regional Liberal Arts College (T) (???????, n600) Whittier College
National Public University (R) (???????) UC Berkeley (Michigan State)   Regl Public University (T V) (???????) CSU, Long Beach (CSU, LA)
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The 7th Type Professional Schools Institutes

• The Juilliard School
• New England Conservatory of Music
• Long Island School of Design
• Pratt Institute
• Otis College of Art and Design
• California Institute of the Arts
• Art Center College of Design
• California Institute of Technology

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National Private University Harvard University
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Regional Private UniversityLoyola Marymount
University
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National Liberal Arts College Williams College
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National Liberal Arts College Occidental College
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Regional Liberal Arts CollegeWhittier College
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National Public UniversityUC Berkeley
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Regional Public UniversityCSU Long Beach
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6. Four Models of Liberal Arts Education in
American Higher Education System

• Williams Model A classic liberal arts college
  (Williams College) on its own.
• ????? ?????????/?? (????)
• Harvard Model A liberal arts college (Harvard
  College) within an university (Harvard
  University) that includes ALL undergraduates.
• ???? ???????????? (??????? ????)
• MSU Model An thematic elite college (James
  Madison College) within an university (Michigan
  State University) that includes a SMALL PORTION
  of the undergraduates.
• ??????? ????????????
• UCSD Model Six residential colleges within an
  university (University of California, San Diego)
  that include ALL undergraduates.
• ???????????? ???????????? (???????
  ????)
• (Current model for Taiwan to develop
  liberal arts education---????.)

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7. Liberal Arts Education in California Public
University SystemsUC vs. CSU

• University of California (UC) System (n10)
• Berkeley, UCLA, San Diego
• Davis, Santa Barbara, Irvine
• Santa Cruz, Riverside, Merced
• San Francisco
• California State University (CSU) System (n23)
• Long Beach, Fullerton, San Diego, San Jose,
• San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly Univ.), Los Angeles,
  etc.

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University of California (UC) California State Univ. (CSU)
Research Teaching
Academic Training Professional Training
Graduate Education Undergraduate Education
Core/General Education Core/General Education
Some Elements of Liberal Arts Education Few Elements of Liberal Arts Education
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• (Some) Elements of Liberal Arts Education at UC
• More rigorous honors program
• (e.g., Davis Honors Challenge at UC
  Davis)
• Residential program
• (e.g., Integrated Studies Honors
  Program for first-year
• students at UC Davis)
• (Few) Elements of Liberal Arts Education at CSU
• Less rigorous honors program
• (with fewer specially designed honors
  courses)

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• Another example of liberal arts tradition in the
  UC system among the nine UC campuses that offer
  undergraduate education, only Berkeley, San
  Diego, Irvine, and Riverside have business majors
  (professional programs designed to train
  specialists) for undergraduate students, while
  the other five campuses, including UCLA, only
  have an economics major (supposed to produce
  generalists in this area).

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8. Residential Colleges in China, Hong Kong,
Macao, Taiwan, and Singapore

• ??????????
• ???????????
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ??????????
• ????????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????

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Residential Colleges in Taiwan(similar to the
UCSD Model of residential colleges)

• ??????????(2008)
• ??????????(2008)
• ??????????(2008)
• ??????????(2009)
• ??????????(2009)
• ??????????(2010)

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The Singapore Model(similar to Williams/Harvard
Model)

• ????????,? 2013???????????????? (Yale-NUS
  College with 1,000 students and 100 faculty
  members),???????? 2011 ?????????????????????????
• Create a new model of residential liberal arts
  education, contextualized to Asia in the 21st
  century
• Foster the habits of mind and character needed
  for leadership in all sectors of society and
• Be a center for new thinking and scholarship and
  a catalyst for innovation and leadership in
  liberal arts education. (http//www.ync.nus.edu.sg
  /Vision.html)
• Yale-NUS College???????,????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????,????????????,??????????
  ???????

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Yale-NUS CollegeThe First Liberal Arts College
in Asia
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2012 Suggestions to the Government

• ?????????,?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????

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• ???????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ??,?????????????????????????????????????????,?????
  ,????????????,?????????????????

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• ??,?????????????????,??????????????? National
  Taiwan Liberal Arts College (?? Residential
  College) ????????? (? Williams Model),??????????
  (????????) ?? (? Singapore Model),????????????????
  ???????????????? (? Yale-NUS College ??????
  250???),?????????????????????????????????????????,
  ??????????????

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A Well Structured Liberal Arts College 3
colleges and 14 majors with 100 faculty members
and 1,000 students

• Arts and Humanities Literature, History,
  Philosophy, Arts, and Music
• Sciences Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry,
  Biology, and Psychology
• Social Sciences Politics, Sociology,
  Anthropology, and Economics

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9. Best vs. Most Suitable

• Extreme Financial Difficulties?
• Professional/Practical Training vs. Whole
  Education?
• Engineering?
• Undergraduate Degree only?
• Aggressive/Motivated/Mentally Strong?