Animal Nutrition

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Animal Nutrition
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Nutritional Requirements

• Undernourished
• not enough calories
• Overnourished
• too many calories
• Malnourished
• missing one or more essential nutrients

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Essential Nutrients

• Essential Amino Acids
• Essential Fatty Acids
• Essential Vitamins
• Essential Minerals

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Essential Amino Acids

• Found in proteins
• 20 different types
• Nine essential in humans
• all in animal proteins
• vegetarians need to eat grains and beans

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Essential Fatty Acids

• Unsaturated fatty acids
• used to make phospholipids for membranes

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Essential Vitamins

• Fat Soluble
• stored in fat
• K, A, D, E
• Water Soluble
• excreted in urine
• B complex and C

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Essential Minerals

• Inorganic nutrients
• Calcium Phosphorous
• bones
• Iron
• anemia
• Iodine
• thyroid hormones
• Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium
• nerve function, water regulation

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Food Types

• Heterotrophic
• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Insectivores

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Feeding Adaptations

• Suspension Feeders

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Feeding Adaptations

• Substrate Feeders

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Feeding Adaptations

• Fluid Feeders

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Feeding Adaptations

• Bulk Feeders

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Intracellular Digestion

• Inside cells
• All animals
• Exclusive in
• Protista
• Porifera

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Extracellular Digestion

• Outside cells
• All animals above the sponges
• Two Types
• Gastrovascular Cavity
• Alimentary Canal

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Gastrovascular Cavity

• One opening
• Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

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Alimentary Canal

• Two openings
• Allows for specialization
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Crop
• Gizzard
• Stomach
• Intestine
• Anus

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Mammalian Digestion

• Accessory Glands
• salivary glands
• pancreas
• liver (emulsification)
• gallbladder
• Peristalsis
• Sphincters
• Food
• bolus
• acid chyme
• feces

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Macromolecule Digestion
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Dentition and Diet

• Nonmammal vertebrates
• Carnivores
• canines (grasping)
• incisors (tearing)
• molars and premolars
• (crushing and grinding)
• Herbivores
• Omnivores

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Digestive Tracts

• Carnivores
• shorter digestive system
• small cecum
• Herbivores
• longer digestive system
• large cecum

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