The Four Spheres of Earth

1
The Four Spheres of Earths Environment
2
Levels of Organization in Living Things
Levels of Organization (click to view animation)
3
Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law (CHANGE) Energy is neither created
nor destroyed but may be converted from one
form to another. NO FREE LUNCHES! Second Law
(LOSS) In any energy conversion, you will end up
with less usable energy than you started with.
YOU CANT BREAK EVEN!
4
Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and
Thermodynamics
Global Warming
Acid Rain
Smog
5
Entropy Energy Changes in Organisms

• Systems will go spontaneously in one direction
  only which is toward increasing entropy.

6
Entropy
7
First Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability

• Ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy.

8
How Ecosystems Use Sunlight As Their Source of
Energy
9
Photosynthesis
Overview of Photosynthesis and Respiration (click
to view animation)

• Overview of Photosynthesis and Respiration

10
Explain how it is possible to grow a plant in a
sealed jar.
Photosynthesis 6 CO2 6 H2O
C6H12O6 6 O2
Respiration C6H12O6 6 O2
6 CO2 6 H2O
11
Match Outcomes (Left) with Process (Right)

• Releases O2
• Stores energy
• Releases CO2
• Uses CO2
• Releases energy
• Produces sugar
• Uses sugar
• Uses O2

• Photosynthesis
• Cell respiration
• Both
• Neither

12
Match Outcomes (Left) With Organisms (Right)

• Releases O2
• Stores energy
• Releases CO2
• Uses CO2
• Releases energy
• Produces sugar
• Uses sugar
• Uses O2

• Plants
• Animals
• Both
• Neither

13
Food Assimilation in Consumers
14
Violations of the First Principle of Ecosystem
Sustainability

• Excessive use of fossil fuels.
• Feeding largely on the third trophic level.
• Use of coal or nuclear power.
• Use of agricultural land to produce meats.

15
Energy Flow in Ecosystems

• Primary production
• Energy flow and efficiency
• Running on solar energy
• Freely available
• Nonpolluting
• Everlasting

16
Energy Flow Through Trophic Levels
10,000 Kcal
Producer
17
Energy Flow Through Trophic Levels
18
The Second Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability

• Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish
  nutrients by recycling all elements.

19
The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems

• The carbon cycle
• The phosphorus cycle
• The nitrogen cycle

20
The Carbon Cycle

• How and in what form does carbon enter and leave
  the cycle?
• How is the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs
  different and the same?
• What are the human impacts on the cycle?

21
Global Carbon Cycle
Global Carbon Cycle Natural Production (click to
view animation)

• Natural Production

22
Global Carbon Cycle
Global Carbon Cycle Human Activities (click to
view animation)

• Human Activities

23
(No Transcript)