GREEN REVOLUTION

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GREEN REVOLUTION
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What is Green Revolution?

• Introduction of new technology in agriculture
  sector, in order to increase its production
  through different measures

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• Increase in production was made by different ways
• 1. Introduction of new high yield varieties of
  wheat, rice, and maize.
• 2. Improvement in per acre yield through quality
  fertilizers to compensate for land deficiencies
  in many less developed countries

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• 3. Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the
  acreage a single farmer can tend by reducing the
  time required to disinfect the crop.
• 4. Irrigation has made double cropping feasible
  in many countries where formerly one harvest a
  year was standard.
• 5. New methods of rotating crops were developed
  which increased land productivity.

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• 6. New shorter plants have been discovered that
  are more responsive to fertilizer. Similarly,
  some sturdier types are mo.re disease-resistant.
• 7. Botanists have been able to breed the
  photosensitive genes out of plants . Making
  planting possible at any time of the year.

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Background

• Green Revolution occured between the 1940s and
  the late 1970s, that increased agriculture
  production around the world, beginning most
  markedly in the late 1960s.
• The term "Green Revolution" was first used in
  1968 by former United States Agency for
  International Development (USAID)
  director William Gaud.

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Norman Borlaug

• Joined Rockefeller Foundation team in Mexico 1944
• Increased yield, rust resistance in wheat
• Biggest contributor to Green Revolution
• Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970

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Stages of Green Revolution

• The green revolution can be divided into four
  different stages
• Scientific Breakthrough
• Technological Breakthrough
• Production Breakthrough
• Agricultural Breakthrough

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Scientific breakthrough

• The discovery of high yield varieties of seeds
• Mexican wheat varieties ( Mexi -Pak) developed in
  the international corn and wheat improvement
  center .
• high yielding rice verities in the International
  Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Philippines.

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Technological Breakthrough

• To achieve optimal level of output from above
  HYVs.
• Technological developments were made in the field
  of mechanization .
• water resource utilization.

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Production Breakthrough

• Excess supply of inputs such as fertilizers,
  chemicals, machinery and HYVs of seeds
• The government made facilitating policies
  pertaining to easy and cheap availability of
  inputs and prices stability of outputs etc

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Agricultural Breakthrough

• The efforts made in earlier phases helped a lot
  to give enormous output
• It covered all the main crops and also the
  various enterprises of animal production
• This agriculture produce directly and indirectly
  benefited the small as well as large-scale
  farmers

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Benefits of Green Revolution

• High yield varieties were introduced which gave
  more production.
• Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was
  observed.
• Better quality pesticides and insecticides
  increased acreage of land.
• Better management of human resources and
  induction of newly trained laborers.

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• Water availability was ensured, keeping in view
  its quantity required.
• Pakistan Government policies to provide subsidies
  and credit to the producers.
• Incentive prices were offered to the farmers
  through the price support program.
• Manufacturing and installation of tube wells and
  machinery and allied equipments.

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• The annual increase in 1963-64 and 1964-65 was
  around 35 percent.
• Transmission of the improved technology to the
  farmers through Extension Service Programs.

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Reasons for yield increase

• Increased inputs
• Labor
• Fertilizer
• Machinery
• increased output
• Using technology
• without increasing inputs
• Increased efficiency

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Inputs

• Fertilizer
• Can improve yields dramatically 20-1000
• Diminished response if keep adding
• Reduces growth at high levels
• Effectiveness depends on
• Water/Irrigation
• Timing of application
• Biggest increase will be in Africa
• Dem. Rep. Congo uses 1 fertilizer used in South
  Africa

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Tractors

• Poorest farmers will consider moving from hand
  tools to animals
• Farmers using animals will consider using
  machinery
• May not be efficient choice
• Credit limited
• Gas expensive
• Maintenance expensive
• But labor cheap

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Land Reforms

• World Bank productivity would be increased if
  land distribution more equitable
• Land reform (redistribution) successful after
  WWII
• South Korea,
• Taiwan
• China
• Recent success
• Japan
• Zimbabwe
• Kerala, India

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Criticisms of the Green Revolution

• Green Revolution hasnt alleviated hunger
• Economic power, land controlled by few
• Technology benefits wealthy
• Therefore Green Revolution increases inequity
• More hunger AND more food at same time

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Cont..

• Food Insecurity of poor not addressed
• Cash Crops food flows from the poor and hungry
  nations to the rich and well-fed nations
• Green Revolution not sustainable
• destroys resource base on which agriculture
  depends

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Cont.

• Early, poor had little access to credit
• Could not buy seeds, fertilizer, irrigation to
  make Green Revolution work
• Wealthy invested, got richer, drove out poor
• Now, more emphasis on loans for poor

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Example India

• Self-sufficient in grain due to Green Revolution
• But 1/3 of people poor
• 5,000 children die each day
• Poor cannot afford to BUY the food

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There are still problems

• Need good land (wealthy own)
• Agrochemicals bad for health, environment
• Expensive inputs profits to global chemical
  companies
• Rural people displaced from land
• Mechanization reduces agricultural jobs
• Not ecologically sustainable depletes soil,
  pesticide race

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Soil Depletion Worldwide

• Dramatic increases in yields during 1970s, 1980s
• Soil now depleted, resulting in leveling off or
  dropping yields
• 6 of Ag land in India now useless

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Profits

• Profits from Green Revolution go to
• Middlemen
• Banks
• Chemical companies
• Biggest growers
• Grain prices fall
• Farms get bigger

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Increased Dependency

• Poor countries must import
• Seeds
• Fertilizer
• Pesticides
• Herbicides
• Cost to India increased 600 1960-1980
• Biotechnology leads to more dependency

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Unsustainable Agriculture

• Industrial agriculture
• mining land to extract maximum output
• War between humans and weeds, insects and
  disease
• Market dictates weapons
• pesticides and chemical fertilizers
• We are destroying our food- producing resources

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Destruction of Agricultural Resources

• Desertification
• Soil erosion
• Pesticide contamination
• Groundwater depletion
• Salinization
• Urban sprawl
• Genetic resources shrinking
• Fossil fuels depleting

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Sustainable Agriculture Goals

• Environmental Health
• Economic Profitability
• Social and Economic Equity

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• Questions and suggestions

Thanks