Circulatory System Problems

1
Circulatory System Problems
2
Angina Pectoris

• Oxygen supply becomes reduced to point of
  damaging cardiac muscle cells but not destroying
  them.
• Causes Stress, hypertension, anemia
• Symptoms chest pain
• dizziness?low oxygen to brain
• weakness ?low oxygen to muscles

3
Myocardial Infarction (MI)

• Oxygen supply is reduced to the point where
  (small patches) cells die.
• A.K.A. heart attack
• Causes 90 of time is a thrombus (blood clot) in
  a coronary artery or an embolus (a fatty clot)
• MI may cause cardiac arrest if too many cells die
  over a large area of the heart?heart stops
  beating?death

4
Hypertension

• High blood pressure?deals with the body arteries
• Systolic pressure higher than 150 mmHg and
  diastolic higher than 90 mmHg
• Normal 120/80
• Heart must work faster
• Effects renal disease, brain hemorrhaging (open
  vessels), stroke, myocardial infarction
• Increases the rate at which blood vessels lose
  their elasticity?pulsing
• Can be inherited?weak artery walls
• Controlled by not smoking (nicotine constricts
  blood vessels), decreasing salt and alcohol
  intake, and adding legumes and fruit to diet
  (high K dietto increase elasticity)

5
Aneurysm

• Formation of a sac (caused by stretching) in the
  wall of a blood vessel or chamber

6
Bradycardia

• Slow heart beat
• Heart beats less than 60 bpm
• Normal Approximately 80 bpm

7
Tachycardia

• Quick heart beat
• Heartbeat greater than 100 bpm

8
Arrhythmia

• Abnormal heart rhythm
• Parts of the heart are not receiving the electric
  pulse
• Symptoms dizziness, unconsciousness, and
  convulsions due to lack of blood to the brain

9
Ischemia

• Decline in blood supply due to a blockage

10
Phlebitis

• Inflammation of the veins
• Often caused by having blood drawn repeatedly

11
Myocarditis and endocarditis

• Inflammation of the heart layers and valves
• Caused by bacterial or viral infections
• Symptoms arrhythmia, chest pain cardiac arrest
• Treatment Antibiotics and may have to remove
  fluid from heart to reduce inflammation.

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Risk Factors for Heart Disease

• High cholesterol?can form clots
• High blood pressure?constricts blood vessels
• Cigarette smoking?nicotine constricts small blood
  vessels, elevates heart rate and blood pressure
• Obesity?requires extra capillaries to nourish
  adipose tissue (200 miles/lb. of fat)
• Lack of exercise?makes heart weaker and decreases
  hearts stroke volume

13
Diagnosis of CHD

• Cardiac catheterization?test to find blockage
• Used to visualize the arteries, chambers and
  other anatomy of the cardiovascular system
• Insertion of a plastic tube (catheter) and
  guiding it under x-ray observation

14
Treatment of CHD

• Cardiac angioplasy3 Types
• Use a catheter to insert a balloon into the
  blocked blood vessel
• Insert a metal stent (coil) to permenently open
  artery
• Laser angioplastycan damage artery wall
• These treatments are non-invasive to minimally
  invasive.

15
Treatment of CHD

• CABG (coronary by-pass graphing)a vein (from the
  leg or chest) is inserted in the coronary
  circulation to reroute blood around clogged
  artery
• Surgical removal of plaque?plaque is scraped out.
  This is done if the blockage is only in one area
  of the blood vessel.
• These treatment are much more invasive