Circulatory System Study

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Circulatory System Study

• Introduction to HSTE

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Objectives

• Label the layers, chambers, valves, and major
  blood vessels on a diagram of the heart
  
• Differentiate between systole and diastole by
  explaining what happens in the heart during each
  
• List major types of blood vessels and their
  functions
  
• List the major types of blood cells and their
  function
  

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Objectives (Continued)

• Name the 4 main types of blood
• Trace a drop of blood from any part of the body,
  through the heart, lungs, heart, and back to
  body
  
• Describe at least 8 circulatory diseases with
  their cause, symptoms, and treatments

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Major parts of heart

• Three layers endocardium myocardium
  pericardium
  
• Four valves
• Tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral (bicuspid) and
  aortic
  

• Four chambers right and left atria and right and
  left ventricles
  
• Septum
• Major arteries aorta pulmonary artery
• Major veins inferior superior vena cava and
  pulmonary veins

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Heart Circulation Flow

• A drop of blood leaves kidney goes through
  inferior vena cava to right atrium through
  tricuspid valve to right ventricle to pulmonic
  valve to pulmonary artery to lungs to get O2 and
  rid CO2

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Circulation continues

• From lungs through pulmonary veins into left
  atrium through mitral valve into left ventricle
  through aortic valve into aorta and to all parts
  of the body

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http//www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp
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You fill in blanks

• A drop of blood leaves brain through ______ ___
  ____ enters into _____ atrium through _______
  valve into right _______ through _________ valve
  into _________ artery to lungs through pulmonary
  _____ into left _______ through mitral ______
  into _____ ventricle through _______ valve into
  ________ and to all parts of the body.

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Blood Pressure

• Systole the upper number of BP when the heart is
  contracting and the greatest force of pressure on
  walls of arteries
  
• Diastole lower BP when heart is resting and
  least pressure on walls of arteries

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Blood Vessels

• Arteries Away
• Capillaries Connect
• Veins Visits
• Arterioles
• Venules
• Mention types of bleeding from each

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Blood

• Types A, B, AB,O
• Rh factor or -
• Components plasma, hormones, cells, nutrients,
  mineral salts and electrolytes, gases, enzymes,
  cells
  
• 4 to 6 quarts

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Blood Cells

• Erythrocytes red blood cells (RBC) carry O2 to
  the cells
  
• Leukocytes white blood cells (WBC) warrior cells
  that fight infection
  
• Thrombocytes platelets that clot blood

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Anemia

• Definition Inadequate number of red blood cells,
  hemoglobin, or both
  
• Types Iron deficiency, Low volume, Pernicious,
  Aplastic, Sickle cell
  
• Symptoms pallor (paleness), fatigue, difficult
  breathing, rapid heart rate
  
• Treatment depends on type.

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Treatment for Anemias

• Low volume (hemorrhage) blood transfusions
• Iron deficiency iron supplements increase iron
  intake in foods
  
• Aplastic bone marrow transplants
• Pernicious Vitamin B12 injections
• Sickle cell transfusions of packed cells,
  supportive therapy, genetic counseling not to
  have children

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Aneurysm

• Description ballooning out of an artery wall
• Causes diseases, congenital defects, and
  injuries
  
• Symptoms worst headache youve ever had or
  severe back pain or no pain at all.
  
• Common sites cerebral, aortal, abdominal
• Treatment Surgery plastic grafts

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Arteriosclerosis

• Description hardening or thickening of arterial
  walls causing loss of elasticity
  
• Causes aging
• Leads to high blood pressure, cerebral hemorrhage
  or aneurysm
  

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Atherosclerosis

• Description Fatty plaques on walls of arteries
• Causes high cholesterol
• Prevention low-cholesterol diet, exercise
• Treatment angioplasty, coronary atherectomy,
  coronary stent

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Congestive Heart Failure

• Description condition where the heart muscles do
  not beat adequately to supply the blood needs of
  the body.
  
• Symptoms swelling (edema) difficulty breathing,
  paleness or blueness, distended neck veins, pink
  and frothy sputum
  
• Treatment cardiac drugs like digitalis,
  diuretics, elastic hose, O2, bedrest, low Na diet

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Embolus

• Description foreign substance circulating in the
  bloodstream. Could be air, blood clot, fat, or
  other things. Causes problems when it stops in
  potent spot.
• Causes injury or disease that causes clots
• Treatment surgery such as strainers or removal
  of blocked area

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Hemophilia

• Description inherited disease almost exclusively
  in males, but carried by females
  
• Cause lack of plasma protein that causes blood
  to clot
  
• Symptoms prolonged bleeding from even minor
  bumps
  
• Treatment transfuse whole blood, or plasma, or
  the missing protein factor

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Hypertension

• Description high blood pressure, usually greater
  than 140/90 in adults
  
• Risk factors family history, race, obesity,
  stress, smoking, aging, high fat diet
  
• Symptoms headaches, blurred vision, or no
  symptoms at all
  
• Treatment antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, low
  sodium diet, no smoking, limit stress
  

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Leukemia

• Description malignant disease of the bone marrow
  or lymph tissue resulting in a high number of
  white blood cells
  
• Symptoms fever, pallor, swelling of lymph nodes,
  fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums, excessive
  bruising, joint pain
  
• Treatment chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow
  transplant

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Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

• Description Blockage in coronary arteries which
  cuts off blood supply to heart muscle itself.
  The heart muscle affected dies.
  
• Symptoms severe crushing pain that radiates to
  arm, neck, and jaw pressure in chest squeezing
  in chest cold, clammy skin nausea, difficulty
  breathing

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MI (continued)

• Treatment immediate medical help clot busting
  drugs, CBR, O2, anticoagulants, control
  arrhythmias, be prepared to do CPR
  
• Prevention /or long term care control BP, ? low
  chol, ?fat diet, avoid stress and tobacco,
  regular exercise, wt control
  

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Phlebitis

• Description inflammation of vein, most often in
  leg
  
• Symptoms pain, edema, redness, discoloration at
  site
  
• Treatment Anticoagulants, pain medication, ? of
  affected area, support hose, sometimes surgery if
  caused by clot

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Varicose Veins

• Description dilated, swollen veins that have
  lost elasticity and causes decrease blood flow
  back toward heart
  
• Causes pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing,
  heredity
  
• Treatment exercise, support hose, avoid
  prolonged sitting or standing or tight clothing
  sometimes surgery to remove veins

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Rheumatic Heart Disease

• Cause Streptococcal infection that goes to
  heart. Begins with rheumatic fever which then
  goes to heart.
  
• Sx of strep throat swollen glands, sudden sore
  throat, pain when swallowing, fever, headache.

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Rheumatic Heart Disease

• Sx of rheumatic fever rapid rise in temperature,
  followed by severe arthritis, heart infection,
  skin rash, brain disturbance causing rapid and
  jerky movements
• Rheumatic fever damages heart valves which allows
  blood to flow backward, leading to heart murmurs,
  swelling of heart, lack of energy and heart
  failure