Qualitative Data Analysis

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Qualitative Data Analysis
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Types of Input

• Analysing data from
• Interviews
• Questionnaire (open-ended questions)
• Also
• Laddering
• Card sorting
• Repertory grids

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Action Research Participatory Action Research
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Action Research versus Participatory Action
Research

• Focuses on the effects of the researcher's direct
  actions within a participatory community with the
  goal of improving the performance quality of the
  community or an area of concern.
• Difference Or Extension?
• Context Developing world issues versus
  Developed world issues?

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Mind Map
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Ethnography

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Ethnography - background

• What is Anthropology?
• It is the comparative study of the physical and
  social characteristics of humanity through the
  examination of historical and present
  geographical distribution, cultural history,
  acculturation, and cultural relationships.

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Ethnography - background

• What is Cultural Anthropology?
• It is one of four fields of anthropology which
  has developed and promoted "culture" as a
  meaningful scientific concept it is also the
  branch of anthropology that studies cultural
  variation among humans.

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Ethnography

• It is two things
• The fundamental research method of cultural
  anthropology.
• It is the genre of writing that presents
  descriptions of human social phenomena, based on
  fieldwork or, the written text produced to
  report ethnographic research results.

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Ethnography

• Whilst living among the people, ethnographers
  engage in participant observation.
• This means that they participate, as much as
  possible, in local daily life (everything from
  important ceremonies and rituals to ordinary
  things like meal preparation and consumption)
  while also carefully observing everything they
  can about it.

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Ethnography

• Through this, ethnographers seek to gain what is
  called an emic perspective, or the native's
  point(s) of view without imposing their own
  conceptual frameworks.
• The emic perspective is quite different from the
  etic perspective which is the outsider's view on
  local life.

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Ethnography

• Through the participant observation method,
  ethnographers record detailed fieldnotes, conduct
  interviews based on open-ended questions, and
  gather whatever site documents might be available
  in the setting as data.
• This data is then recorded in the database.

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Ethnomethodology
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Ethnomethodology

• The study of how people use commonsense
  understandings to get through everyday life
• These understandings shape our assumptions about
  social Interactions
• In a conversation between two people there are
  many things that are understood than are actually
  mentioned.

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Ethnomethodology

• What are social problems?
• Damaging conditions resulting in harm to people
  or society.
• Things are seen, judged, and defined to be
  problems, i.e. What people THINK they are.

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Ethnomethodology

• Tacit interpretation culture, teaching,
  understanding, experiences.
• Explicit Truth misinterpretations,
  misunderstanding.

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Ethnomethodology

• Example Girl called Anna, unplanned pregnancy,
  21 years old, still in school.
• Good or Bad?

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Ethnomethodology

• What if .?
• Anna is an outstanding student, is the sole
  heiress to a multi-billion dollar business, has
  the full support of her parents, and will be
  finished school early into the pregnancy?

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Ethnomethodology

• Anna Anisimova
• Daughter of Russian metals magnate Vassily
  Anisimov
• Worth 1.3 billion

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Ethnomethodology

• We make assumptions based on our tacit
  interpretation of the world around us.
• We can apply methods to research in order to
  apply a neutral analysis to the subject.
• This has been done in HCI to study descriptions
  of how the users interact with systems, rather
  than what the system needed to do?

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Ethnomethodology (Varieties)

• 1. The organization of practical actions and
  practical reasoning. Including
• 2. The organization of conversation analysis.
• 3. Talk-in-interaction within institutional or
  organizational settings. Identify interactional
  structures that are specific to particular
  settings.
• 4. The study of social activity. The analytic
  interest is in how that work is accomplished
  within the setting in which it is performed.
• 5. The haecceity of work. Just what makes an
  activity what it is? E.g. what makes a test a
  test, a competition a competition, or a
  definition a definition?

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Phenomenography

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JA, ich liebe Logical Investigations 1900
Da Fan Club
Martin Heidegger
Jean-Paul Sartre
Edmund Husserl


Appearance
Description
Phenomenography
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Graphein
Phainomenon
Das ist Phenomenography 1954
Plato or Bust
Ulrich Sonnemann
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In other words

• Phenomenography, a descriptive recording of
  immediate subjective experience as reported, for
  example, by a person under psychiatric
  examination, without questioning the share in
  such a communication of the ego. (Sonnemann, 1954
  )

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What's it all About?

• Empirical research Based on observation and
  experience
• Applied factors Intelligence, Motivation,
  Effort, past and present surroundings,
  experiences, experiences and individual character
  traits

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Grounded Theory

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What is Grounded theory?

• "Grounded theory methods are a set of flexible
  analytic guidelines that enable researchers to
  focus their data collection and to build
  inductive middle-range theories through
  successive levels of data analysis and conceptual
  development" Charmaz, K. (2005)

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What is Grounded theory?

• The phrase "grounded theory" refers to theory
  that is developed inductively from a corpus of
  data. If done well, this means that the resulting
  theory at least fits one dataset perfectly. This
  contrasts with theory derived deductively from
  grand theory, without the help of data, and which
  could therefore turn out to fit no data at all -
  Steve Borgatti

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Grounded Theory

• Emphasis on empirical material as basis for
  conceptualization.
• Gathering reach empirical material from a variety
  of sources.
• Open data collection
• Recording data systematically
• the emphasis is on exploring the nuances of the
  data by constantly asking, 'of what is this an
  example?'
• Develop dense and grouded concepts and categories

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Example - Data Analysis

• Identify critical instances -highlight key
  passages of transcripts.
• Open coding - assign passages to categories
  (i.e. abstract conceptual labels). Work through
  all transcripts and collect numerous illustrative
  quotes to saturate categories.
• Axial coding - refine initial list of
  categories. Delete and amalgamate some. Make
  connections between the categories and define
  their properties e.g. context, pre-conditions.
  These are sub-categories.
• Selective coding - identify a core category and
  themes from which theory will derive.

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Research Design

• Five components of research design
• A study's questions
• Its propositions, if any
• Its unit(s) of analysis
• The logic linking the data to the propositions
• The criteria for interpreting the findings

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Strengths and Weaknesses

• Suitable for diagrammatic representation?
• Complex terminology.
• Time-consuming, requires concentration but can
  adapt a quick-and-dirty version.
• Reductionist - complexity of raw data overcome by
  reducing it to the status of variables.
• Does not lead to any surprising findings. Theory
  is inductively built up from data collected so
  cannot contain anything new. Uncovers a
  pre-existing reality similar to positivism /
  realism.
• Idea that there is a core category which
  explains all.
• Issues of generalisation

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Nothing taken for granted?

• What does it mean, that some people are better at
  learning than others?
• Why are some people better at learning than
  others?

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Q Methodology
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Q Methodology

• The name "Q" comes from the form of factor
  analysis that is used to analyze the data. Normal
  factor analysis, called "R method," involves
  finding correlations between variables (say,
  height and age) across a sample of subjects. Q,
  on the other hand, looks for correlations between
  subjects across a sample of variables. Q factor
  analysis reduces the many individual viewpoints
  of the subjects down to a few "factors," which
  represent shared ways of thinking.