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An Age of Revolutions

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Title: An Age of Revolutions


1
Unit 5
  • An Age of Revolutions

2
  • The Scientific Revolution
  • - Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Descartes new
    theories which questioned challenged
    traditional thought
  • - Scientific Method experimentation and
    observation

3
  • Enlightenment
  • Relation to Scientific Revolution use of
    reason, observation in examining govt and its
    relationship
  • Locke Natural Rights life, liberty
    property
  • Voltaire basic freedom or thought expression
    freedom of speech, press, religion

4
  • Rousseau social contract agreement between
    people and govt
  • Montesquieu checks balances (separation of
    powers)
  • Impact of Enlightment on Natlism Democracy
    promoted democratic reforms within govt gt
    people want to see changes
  • Enlightened Despots
  • Maria Theresa (Austria) inc. the power of the
    nobility, regulated peasant work
  • Catherine the Great (Russia) reformed laws,
    promoted religious tolerance, abolished torture
    cap. punishment

5
Political Revolutions
  • American Revolution (1776-1783) American
    colonists rebel against British rule est.
    democracy
  • French Revolution (1789-1799)
  • causes poor leadership of Louis XVI, unfair
    treatment of 3rd Estate, ideas of the
    Enlightenment
  • impacts chaos disorder (back forth between
    democracy abs. rule), eventually establish a
    Republic

6
  • Napoleon Rise to power coup detat Rule - as
    a dictator -gt restored order, reformed economy
    (taxes), laws (Napoleonic Code)
  • Descent - tried to create an empire

7
Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas
  • Balance of Power (Congress of Vienna) restored
    Europe to what it was before Napoleon
  • Revolutions of 1848 France, Germany, Italy and
    Austria were caused by a sense of nationalism

8
Russian Absolutism
  • Reforms and expansion Alexander created a
    bureaucracy, freed serfs, inc. education, health
    and welfare, right to jury trials

9
Latin America
  • Role of classes
  • Peninsulares
  • Creoles
  • Mestizos/Mulattos
  • Africans
  • natives

10
  • Role of the church and military dictatorships
    brought nations stability out of chaos
  • Role of Cash Crops small farmers were forced to
    focus too much on cash crops no industry and
    reliant on foreigners for food

11
Mexican Revolution
  • Causes oppressive govt gap between rich and
    poor
  • Effects Mexican independence from Spain
  • Porfirio Diaz nationalist
  • Pancho Villa independence
  • Emilano Zapata leaders

12
Global Nationalism
  • Force of unification Germany
  • Bismarck real politik BLOOD AND IRON be
    proactive in change (used the military to provoke
    war unite Germany)
  • Force of unification Italy
  • Cavour brains of unification
  • Mazzini soul of unification
  • Garibaldi sword of unification

13
Nationalism - force of division
  • India religious division
  • - Indian Natl Congress Hindus
  • - Muslim League Muslims
  • Balkans prior to WWI (powder keg) ethnic and
    religious differences wanted their own
    independence

14
Industrialization
  • Agrarian Revolution inc. in production output
    (less workers needed) -gt inc. in population
    (creates a steadier source of food)
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Factory system centralized manufacturing (away
    from cottage industry)
  • Mercantilism to laissez faire eco trade w/
    colonies brings wealth w/ NO govt involvement

15
  • Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations) importance of
    capitalism lack of govt regulation
  • Invisible Hand Theory act in own
    self-interest
  • Changes in social classes (Middle Class) mid
    class grew in size and strength (power)
  • Changing roles of men, women children
  • Men left manor to work in factories
  • Women faced work in factories or were house
    wives
  • Children went to work in factories (wealthy went
    to school)

16
Responses to Industrialization
  • Socialism economic equality
  • Conservatism return to the past
  • Social reformism wanted social, economic and
    political changes
  • Liberalism wanted more changes for the future

17
  • Karl Marx command economies central planning
    committees (govt) decides what, how, for who to
    produce
  • Sadler Report illustrated ills of factory work
    and child labor
  • Reform Legislation Factory, Miner Child Labor
    laws
  • Social Darwinism survival of the fittest is
    used to explain justify the gap between the
    rich and poor
  • Global Migration (1845-1850)
  • Irish potato famine

18
  • Growth of literacy inc. education and critical
    thinking -gt innovation questioning
  • Thomas Malthus Principles of Population stated
    an inc. in population has and effects

19
Japan the Meiji Restoration
  • Meiji Restoration (MODERNIZATION)
    westernization of Japan est. industry and
    imperialize the Far East
  • Opening of Japan
  • Cmdr. Matthew Perry led to industry
  • Treaty of Kanagawa imperialism
  • Modernization and industrialization led to a
    need for raw materials
  • Russo-Japanese War Japan defeats Russia
    becomes a world power

20
Imperialism
  • Reasons
  • Nationalism amt of colonies gave a sense of
    national pride
  • Political expands a nations influence (inc.
    colonies)
  • Economic used for resources new markets

21
The New Imperialism
  • Emphasized the creation of colonies to build
    wealth
  • British in India
  • British East India Co. controlled India
  • Sepoy Mutiny rebellion of Indian troops -gt
    British control- British govt takes control of
    India

22
Berlin Conference
  • African resistance Zulu Resistance against the
    British-illustrated Britains weapon supremacy
  • Boer War British v. Dutch Boers British gain
    control over South Africa

23
Spheres of Influence in China
  • Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing British and the
    west take control of Chinese ports
  • Chinese Reaction to European Imperialism
  • Taiping Rebellion Chinese rebel against the
    failing govt
  • Boxer Rebellion Chinese natlists who fought
    foreigners and foreign influence
  • Sun YatSen led revolt against the traditional
    Chinese Dynasty attempted democracy

24
Effects of Imperialism
  • Positive modernized to an extent (NO factories)
    built infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc) built
    RRs developed telegraph and telephone lines
    built schools, hospitals
  • Negative took advantage of people and their
    resources violated human rights forced
    assimilation (loss of traditions) social
    disorder racism
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