Kidneys and the Urinary System

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Kidneys and the Urinary System
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Major Parts of the Machine
food, water intake
oxygen intake
Based on Starr, C., Biology Concepts and
Applications, Brooks/Cole
elimination of carbon dioxide
Digestive System
Respiratory System
nutrients, water, salts
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Circulatory System
Urinary System
water solutes
elimination of excess water salts, wastes
rapid transport to and from all living cells
elimination of food residues
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Overview of Lesson

• Formation of urine
• Urinary system
• Water balance and alcohol
• Problems of the urinary tract

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When protein is broken down in the body, it
results in nitrogenous waste that must be
eliminated from the body
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Protein
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Examples of Amino Acids
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
All 20 amino acids have a nitrogen group (NH2).
When broken down for energy, the nitrogen group
is converted to ammonia (NH3).
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Circulatory System
Ammonia is converted into urea by the liver.
Urea is then transported in the blood to the
kidneys where the urea is removed from the blood.
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life
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Urea is less toxic than ammonia and can be
transported in the blood to the kidney
O
H2N - C - NH2
urea
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Formation of Urine

• Amino acids in protein are broken down, resulting
  in production of ammonia
• Ammonia is converted to urea in liver
• Urea travels in blood to kidneys, where removed
  from blood and incorporated into urine

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Overview of Lesson

• Amino acids, ammonia and urea
• Urinary system
• Water balance and alcohol
• Problems of the urinary tract

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Urinary System
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Anatomy of the Kidney
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Urine Formation by Nephron

• Blood pressure forces water, glucose, amino acids
  and urea from capillaries into nephron
• Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into blood
  from nephron
• Some water is reabsorbed into blood
• Urine is urea and salt concentrated in water

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Nephron
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Urine moves from the collecting ducts through the
kidney pelvis to the ureter
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Urine moves from the kidneys, through the ureters
to the bladder and finally through the urethra
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Overview of Lesson

• Amino acids, ammonia and urea
• Urinary system
• Water balance and alcohol
• Problems of the urinary tract

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Regulation of Water Balance

• Brain monitors water content of blood
• If low water content, pituitary releases ADH
• ADH travels in blood to nephron
• ADH causes more water to move from urine back
  into blood

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Nephron
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Alcohol consumption suppresses the production of
ADH by the pituitary. Why would this result in
dehydration and a hangover?
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Alcohol Effects

• Alcohol suppresses ADH production by the
  pituitary
• Without ADH, higher amounts of water stay in the
  urine
• Urine with high concentrations of water leaves
  the body

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Overview of Lesson

• Amino acids, ammonia and urea
• Urinary system
• Water balance and alcohol
• Problems of the urinary tract

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Incontinence (urine leakage)

• More than 10 million Americans experience
  incontinence
• Most do not seek treatment
• Treatment can improve or eliminate the problem
  90 of the time

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Causes of Incontinence
Stress incontinence leaking small amounts of
urine when coughing, lifting, or exercising Urge
incontinence the bladder suddenly and
unexpectedly contracts and expels urine Overflow
incontinence bladder cannot completely empty so
urine dribbles
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Treatments for Incontinence

• Kegel exercises to strengthen the urinary
  sphincter
• Medicines that increase the sphincters ability
  to contract
• Surgery to strengthen the pelvic muscles or to
  lift the bladder
• Retrain the bladder to increase its storage
  capacity (allowing 3-4 hours between urinating)
• Drugs to prevent urge incontinence
• Surgery to remove part of prostate gland if
  responsible for overflow incontinence

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Kidney stones form in the kidney pelvis. There
are 4 types of stones.

• Calcium stones
• (most common)
• Uric acid stones
• Bacteria caused stones
• Cystein stones

Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter
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Kidney stones cause pain when they pass down the
ureters to the bladder and urethra
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
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Treatments for Kidney Stones

• Small stones may pass with no pain
• Larger stones may pass but cause extreme of pain,
  requiring a lot pain medication
• Stones that are too large to pass may require
  surgical treatment including
• using a ureteroscope to go up and snare the
  stone
• using a nephroscope to crush the stone and
  retrieve it
• using shock wave lithotripsy where a person is
  submerged in water containing shock waves to
  pulverize the stones

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

• Second most common infection following
  respiratory infections
• UTI occur when bacteria (E. coli) from the
  digestive tract get into the opening of the
  urinary tract and multiply
• Bacteria first infect the urethra, then move to
  the bladder and finally to the kidneys
• UTI tend to occur more in women than men

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• Women may have more UTIs than men because
• they have a shorter urethra, allowing quicker
  access to the bladder
• the urethral opening is nearer the anus
• intercourse may result in UTIs in women

Based on Harvard Medical School Family Health
Guide
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Symptoms of UTIs

• Urge to urinate but only small amount of urine
  produced
• Pain and burning sensation in bladder
• Fever
• Blood in urine

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Diagnosis and Treatment

• Doctors check urine for white and red blood cells
  and bacteria
• Bacteria grown in culture to determine which
  antibiotic will work the best
• UTIs are treated with antibiotics and are often
  cured within 1 or 2 days

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The functional regions of the NEPHRON
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
          
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Figure 26.6
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Diseases of the Excretory System

• Kidney
• Kidney stones may be painful and cause long-term
  kidney damage.
• Intestines
• Lleus is a blockage of the intestines, it blocks
  things to go through.
• Skin
• Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin,
  which can have many causes, including repeated
  severe sunburn or long-term exposure to the sun.
  Skin cancer generally develops in the epidermis,
  the outermost layer of skin, so a tumor is
  usually clearly visible.
• Liver
• Hepatits, inflammation of the liver, caused
  mainly by various viruses but also by some
  poisons, autoimmunity or hereditary conditions

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Cures Preventions

• Nephritis (most common disease of system)
• Detected by urine examination
• Can be treated by antibiotics
• Kidney Stones
• Can be avoided by a better diet
• Can be removed by surgery or broken up by
  ultrasound
• Gout
• Can be treated by
• Drinking large amounts of water
• Eating a specific diet
• Taking medication that lowers the uric acid level
  in blood

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• Liver Disease (or cirrhosis)
• prevented by avoiding large alcohol consumption
• Kidney Failure
• treatments and prevention include
• Controlling diabetes
• Controlling blood pressure
• Low-protein diets
• Kidney dialysis
• Kidney transplants
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
• Treated by antibiotics
• Prevented by
• Drinking plenty of water daily
• Urinate when needed (dont hold it in)
• Wipe correctly (ladies front to back, not back
  to front) to prevent bacteria from entering