Concept Map!

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Concept Map!
Unit NamePropagation
Unit EQ Why is plant propagation so important in
the Horticulture Industry?
Vocab
EQs 1. What would happen if plants were not able
to reproduce?
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Sexual Propagation of Plants

• Sexual Reproduction Overview

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Warm Up

• How do plants sexual reproduce without being able
  to move?

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Essential Question

• What would happen is plants were not able to
  reproduce?

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Why are plants so important?

• Plants are essential to life on Earth.
• Ecological Producers
• Food, Shelter, Oxygen
• Humans relied on plants throughout history
• Food, Fiber
• Present day
• Better understanding of plant reproduction
  better larger crops!

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Where are the Plants?
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Corn Production Projections 2009 and beyond
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Sexual Reproduction

• Definition male sperm carried in the pollen
  unites with the female egg within a flower.
• Male Female Seed
• Male Gamete Female Gamete Seed
• Seed plant embryo!
• Both Male and Female parts provide genetic
  information to give to the seed.

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Remember Mendel!

• Gregor Mendel THE FATHER OF GENETICS
• 1822-1884
• Priest
• Study the inheritance traits in pea plants
• Not recognized until the 20th century

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What did Mendel Study?
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Hybrids

• Hybrid offspring that result from a new
  combination of genes
• Allowed for people to greatly improve agriculture
  crops.

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Where is this information stored?

• ON GENES!
• Located on chromosomes
• Diploid
• Normal plant cells, pair of chromosomes
• Haploid
• Reproductive cells , Sperm and Egg have single
  chromosome in each

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• Please take 15 minutes to copy this diagram into
  your notes. It will be stamped! AKA VERY
  IMPORTANT
• Label which is a normal plant cell and which
  makes a sex cell

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Fertilization

• Definition unites the single chromosome in the
  sperm nucleus with the single chromosome in the
  egg nucleus.
• Fertilized egg joined with sperm makes a diploid
  cell called a zygote
• 2nd sperm unites with nuclei of embryo sac to
  form the endosperm

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Seed DiagramEndosperm provides FOOD!
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Pollination Review

• Pollination Male sperm (pollen) contact the
  female part of the flower (stigma)
• Self Pollination pollen on a plant pollinates
  flower on the same plant
• Cross Pollination the pollen of a
• plant pollinates the flower on another plant of
  the same species

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Activity

• Pollination Crossword
• Pollination Library Activity .
• Please answer questions 1, 2 and 3

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Concept Map!
Unit NamePropagation
Unit EQ Why is plant propagation so important in
the Horticulture Industry?
Vocab
EQs 1. What would happen if plants were not able
to reproduce? 2. Why are seeds important to plant
propagation?
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Sexual Propagation of Plants

• Seed Anatomy and Purpose

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Warm Up

• Can you name any of the seeds we eat?

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Essential Question

• Why are seeds important to plant propagation?

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Why are seeds important?

• Help plants survive bad weather
• Cold Winters
• Helps plants travel
• Carried by abiotic and biotic vectors

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Monocot SeedPlease Copy into your notes.
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Dicot Seed Please copy into your notes.
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Seeds

• Develop in the pistil of the plant
• Develops from the ovule
• Living thing!
• Once fertilized zygote grows forming the embryo
  of the seed

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Seed Embryo (please draw in notes)

• Has parts of a complete plant
• Leaves
• Epicotyl , plumule
• Stems
• Hypocotyl
• Roots
• Radicle
• FOOD
• Endosperm, or cotyledon

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Seed Embryo Anatomy

• Radicle the lower end of the hypocotyl that
  forms the first root of the plant.
• Emerges 1st at the start of germination
• Hypocotyl develops into true stem
• Epicotyl/Plumule first leaves!

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Seed Embryo Anatomy

• Endosperm provides food for growing seed embryo
• Cotyledons store food absorbed from the
  endosperm when the seed was formed
• Seed Coat surrounds the seed and protects it
  from injury and dehydration

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Activity

• Plant Life Cycle Crossword
• Review Quiz 1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction

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Propagation of Plants

• Propagation Plants Sexually Overview

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Warm Up

• Can you tell which plants are made by humans?

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Essential Question

• How does the ability to sexually produce seeds
  benefit a plant?

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Remember?

• Sexual Reproduction involves the union of the
  male pollen with the female egg and results in
  the formation of a seed.
• How is it beneficial?
• Allows the plant to make new combinations of
  genetic information
• Adds VIGOR
• Increased health

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How does this happen?

• Many plants reproduce naturally
• How?
• Special accommodations to attract vectors
• Remember what a Vector is?
• Abiotic Wind , Gravity, Rain
• Biotic Birds, Bats, Bees
• How has this plant attracted the humming bird? Is
  there anything special you notice about the
  plant?

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Embryo Plant

• Forms into adult mature plant
• Embryo plant stored food source SEED
• Seed holds everything the embryo plant needs for
  the start to life and growth
• Remember what the seed contains?
• Embryo plant, endosperm (the stored food) and is
  surrounded by a protective shell, the seed coat.

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Remember the Vocabulary?

• The embryo plant within a seed is the result of a
  fertilized egg or zygote.
• The embryo plant that results from this new
  combination of genetic information is known as a
  hybrid.

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NEW TO KNOW

• NEW TO KNOW!
• Seeds are designed to wait until the conditions
  are favorable to begin growth. Therefore, the
  embryo plant is in a dormant or resting phase
  while inside the seed.

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Stages of Seed Growth Copy for your Notes
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Seed Stage Mix Up!

• You are presented with a photo, group of words,
  or both.
• Please put yourself in the correct order to
  follow the proper stages of seed germination and
  growth

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Activities

• Please START your Review Quiz 2 . Will finish
  it completely after tomorrow's lecture

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Lib Activity

• Research a Vector Picture with 1 paragraph
  double spaced
• Insect, Bird, Mammal
• Tell me What is the vector? Where does it live?
  How does it pollinate plants? Do any plants have
  adaptations to attract the vector? ( Color, Size,
  Shape?) Why is your vector attracted to the
  plant(s)?

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Propagation of Plants

• Review Germination

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Warm Up

• Make a Concept Map or Word Web connecting words
  that are related. On the line you made connecting
  2 words, write their relationship.
• EXAMPLE ZYGOTE-----is a--------_________?
• Zygote, Hybrid, Dormant, Embryo Plant, Seed Coat,
  Germination, Hypocotyl , Radicle, Haploid,
  Dipolid, Gregor Mendel, Sexual Reproduction

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Essential Question

• What is germination and what conditions are
  necessary for germination to occur in a seed?

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Germination Quick Review

• Starts at the end of the period of dormancy for
  the embryo plant that occurs when favorable
  conditions are present for growth
• Seedling Plant grows
• has a root system, stem, and leaves to produce
  the food necessary for the growing plant.

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Seedling Plant
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Germination

• Definition process by which an embryo plant
  inside the seed changes into a developing
  seedling
• Crops grown from seeds soybean, corn, cotton and
  other vegetables !

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Germination Steps

• Step 1 Absorption of Water!
• By Diffusion
• Pressure Builds
• Pressure in seed (and adult plant) is called
  TURGOR
• Seed ruptures
• Step 2 Radicle Emerges
• First root/tap root

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Whats Required?

• WATER!
• Optimum temperature
• 55 and 70 degrees F
• Oxygen
• Too much water can suffocate the plant
• Some require Stratification
• A period of cold temperature
• Broken seed coat
• Digestive Bacteria, eaten by an animal, Frozen
  then thawed

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Important Vocabulary

• Viability
• ability of seeds to germinate under optimum
  conditions
• Vigor
• ability of seeds to germinate under different
  conditions and still produce healthy seedlings

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Types of Medium

• Medium
• material which is a source of nutrients and holds
  the roots in place for the growing plant.
• Examples
• Sand, Gravel, Potting Mix, Organic Mix

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Types of Planting

• Direct Seeding planting seeds directly where
  plants will grow
• Example grass seeds, outdoor flowers in spring
• Indirect seeding seeds planted (indoors) then
  transplanted
• Planting Date date when plants are planted
• Determined by how long they take to germinate

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Which is which?
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Activity

• Complete Review Quiz 2
• Complete Germination Word Find
• Complete word search
• Write comprehension paragraph
• Please turn in all work to your bin

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Propagation of Plants

• Propagation Methods
• Cuttings

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Warm Up

• How would you propagate these plants?

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Essential Question

• Why would we propagate plants asexually?

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Asexual Propagation

• Definition involves the reproduction of new
  plants using only the vegetative parts (stem,
  leaf and root) of the parent plant.
• What does this do for us?
• Propagate plants that do not produce usable seeds
• Lets us breed plants true have the same results
  each time ( color, size, number of blooms)
• Sometimes fast then propagation by seed

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Asexual Reproduction Methods

• Entire leaves or parts of leaves can be used for
  propagation
• Leaf Cutting a piece of a leaf blade, or a leaf
  blade with the petiole attached.
• Can produce new stems and roots from the edge of
  the leaf

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• Leaf Bud Cutting consists of a leaf blade, the
  petiole, and a short piece of stem with an
  attached
• Small bud will develop into a new plant, with a
  new root system

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What to know about Leaf Cutting Propagation!

• Healthy leaves that have just reached maturity
  should be used for leaf cuttings.
• Leaf-bud cuttings are important to the propagator
  when there is limited plant material and many new
  plants are needed.

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What other propagations are out there?

• Herbaceous Cutting made from plants with stems
  that do not become woody.
• Can be taken at any time of the year!

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Types of Propagation Contin..

• Softwood Cutting taken from the soft, new growth
  in the spring or early summer.
• Cut and placed in moist medium
• Lower leaves are removed to prevent moisture loss
  
• Rooting hormones are used stimulate root growth

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Types of Propagations

• Semi Hard Wood made from woody broadleaf plants
  in the summer.
• 3 to 6inch cutting taker after rapid summer
  growth
• Added to moist medium (dirt)
• Rooting hormone added

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Type of Propagation

• Hard Wood Cutting used to propagate evergreens
  and deciduous plants with woody stems.
• Cuttings made during winter when plant is dormant
• 6 8 in length and dipped in rooting hormone
• Roots will develop in the spring

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The needs of the Roots

• Plants prefer different levels of
• Moisture, Temperature, Types of medium
• Most Plants
• Need loose medium
• Growing Medium provide the moisture, aeration,
  nutrients and other conditions favorable for root
  formation, sterile and disease free !

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Moisture!

• Very important!
• Cuttings cannot absorb water quickly !
• Keep them moist!
• Too much can rot roots!
• Misting plants works well

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Activities

• Review Quiz 3
• Book Work
• Unit 6, Unit 7, Unit 8
• Self Evaluations
• Write the question with the correct answer.
• Example
• 1. Producing plants from seed is a type of SEXUAL
  propagation.

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Test Review

• Define Sexual Reproduction, Hybrid,
  Self-Pollination, Medium, Planting Date,
  Viability, Vigor, Asexual Propagation, Zygote,
  Fertilization , Cross Pollination, germination
• 1. What are the parts of the Monocot and Dicot
  Seeds?
• 2. What are the parts of the seed (pea seed) What
  are each of these parts? What do they form in the
  seedling?
• 3. What are the three types of cuttings? How are
  they performed?
• 4. What is the purpose of Medium?
• 5. What are some of the requirements roots need
  to grow properly?
• 6. What are the steps in Germination?
• 7. Why is cross pollination important? What
  results from pollination?
• 8. Who was the Father of Genetics? What did he
  study?