Review for Final

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Review for Final

• Instructional Objective
• Recall all the vocabulary from Chemistry
  Sections.
• Home work
• Study for Final exam Finish magnetism study guide

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Scientific Method 

• Identify the problem
• 2. Research the problem
• 3. Form a hypothesis
•  4. Test the hypothesis (experiment)
• 5. Observe and record results
• 6. Arrive at a conclusion
•  

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Mass, Length, and Volume 

• Kilo (k) - hecto (h) - deca (da) - base unit -
  deci (d) - centi (c) -milli (m)
• 1000 100 10 gram
  (g) .1 .01 .001
• meter (m)
• 103 102 101
  liter (L) 10-1 10-2
  10-3
•  

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Properties of Matter 
Matter has mass and takes up space  Exists in one
of four states Solid - definite shape and
volume Liquid -no definite shape but a definite
volume Gas No definite shape or volume Plasma -
consists of positively and negatively charged
particles (high temp and pressure)  
physical property - can be observed with the
senses and can be determined without
changing the object color, length, state,
mass, shape chemical property - how it reacts
with another substance. flammability,
combustibility physical change - change in
physical appearance crush a soda can chemical
change - change in chemical make-up rusting  
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The Flow Chart 
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Atoms  

• Atom smallest amount of an element that has all
  the characteristics of that element.
• Nucleus contains the protons () and neutrons
  (neutral).
• The nucleus is orbited by particles called
  electrons (-).
• A maximum of 2e- on the first shell, 8 on the
  2nd and 3rd.
•  
•  

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Masses of atoms 

• Mass p n0
• 1 p 1 amu, 1 n0 1 amu
• Atomic number number of protons in an atom
• Atomic number Total number of protons 
•  

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Periodic Table 

• - first accepted version of the periodic table
  Dmitri Mendeleev
• - modern version is organized by increasing
  atomic number
• Periods horizontal rows ? equal to of
  energy levels
• Groups/ Families columns ? equal to of
  valence e-
•  
• Metals left of metalloids (stair step / zig-zag)
• solid at room temperature, shiny, malleable,
  ductile
• Nonmetals right of metalloids
• gas at room temperature or brittle solids
• Metalloids found along stair step have
  properties of both metals and nonmetals
•  
•  

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Elements 

• Element a pure substance that is made up of only
  one kind of atom and cannot be broken down into
  other substances. Electrically neutral.
• Atomic - 6
• Symbol - C
• Name - Carbon
• Average atomic mass -12.01

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Ions and Isotopes 

• Ions when an atom loses or gains electrons
• loses electrons positive charge
• Ex. Na1, Ca 2 ,Al 3
• gains electrons negative charge
• Ex. Cl1-, O2-, N 3-
•  
• Isotope atoms of the same element but a
  different of neutrons
• C-12 6 protons, 6 neutrons
• C-14 6 protons, 8 neutrons
•  

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Compounds Ionic and Covalent 

• Compound 2 or more elements chemically combined
• Ionic when there is a give and take of
  electrons
• happens between a metal (gives e-)
  and nonmetals (take e-)
• produce ions, strong bond, high m.p
• Ex. NaCl, CaF2, Al2O3
• Covalent when the electrons are shared
• happens between two nonmetals
• produce molecules, weak bond, low
  m.p. Ex. H2O, CO2(Use the prefix to name the
  compound)

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Balancing Chemical Equations 

• Law of Conservation of Mass mass cannot be
  created nor destroyed. Total mass on
  the right must equal mass on the left.
• Ex. H2 O2 ? H2O
• should be 2H2 O2 ? 2H2O
• Reactants
  Products

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Chemical Reactions 

• Synthesis 4Al 3O2 ? 2A12O3
• Decomposition 2NaCl ? 2Na C12
• Single Displacement CaC12 F2 ? CaF2 C12
• Double Displacement NaCl BeF2 ? NaF BeCl2
• Exothermic heat is released during chemical
  reaction
• Endothermic heat is brought in during chemical
  reaction

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Acids, Bases, pH Scale, and Salts. 

• Acid produce H ions,- turns blue litmus red,
  sour taste Ex. HCl
• Base produce OH- ions, turns red litmus blue,
  bitter taste Ex NaOH
• pH
  scale
• ________________________________________
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  10 11 12 13 14
• Strong acid neutral (pure H2O)
  Strong base
• Neutralization reaction - acid base ?salt plus
  water
• Ex. HCl NaOH NaCl H2O

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Solutions 

• Solution a mixture that appears to have the same
  composition, color, density, and taste throughout
• Solute the substance being dissolved
• Solvent the substance doing the dissolving
  (H2O universal)
• Solubility the maximum amount of solute that can
  be dissolved into the solvent at a given
  temperature
• Unsaturated solution can hold more solute
• Saturated solution contains all the solute it
  can
• Supersaturated solution contains more solute
  than normal
• 4 ways to increase dissolving rate
• 1. stir the solution 3. heat the
  solution
• 2. increase pressure 4. make particle size
  smaller (grind the solution )
•  

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Motion and Forces 

• Speed rate of change of position
• Velocity speed plus direction
• Acceleration rate of change of velocity
• 3 ways to accelerate speed up, slow down,
  change direction
• Newtons Laws of Motion
• 1st an object at rest will stay at rest and an
  object in motion will stay in motion unless
  acted upon by an outside force
• 2nd when a force acts upon a mass it will
  accelerate
• 3rd every action has an equal and opposite
  reaction.
• Force push or pull on an object (measured
  in Newtons - N)

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Nuclear Reactions 

• Nuclear energy convert a fraction of the mass of
  interacting particles into energy and releases a
  great amount of radiation
• Fusion the process of combining two nuclei
  with low masses
• require high temp and pressure (Sun) - He
• Fission the process of splitting a large
  nuclei
• take place in nuclear reactors - U -235

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Energy and Work 

• Energy the ability to do work
• Ex - mechanical, chemical, electrical,
  thermal, light, sound
• Kinetic energy in the form of motion
• Potential stored energy due to position
• (gravitational, chemical, elastic)
• Work when a force is applied to an object and
  the object moves in the direction of the applied
  force.
• When work is done on an object, energy is
  transferred to that object

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Electricity 

• Static electricity generated when more of one
  type of charge is on an object typically the
  abundance of electrons.
• Objects acquire a static charge through the
  following 3 ways
• Friction If you rub one against another,
  sometimes electrons leave one object
• InductionObjects can be charged by bringing a
  charged object near a neutral object.
• Conduction e- can be transferred from one object
  to another by touching.
• like charges repel / unlike charges
  attract
• Current the flow of electrons (amps) Voltage
  electrical force (volts)
• Resistance opposition to flow of electrons
  (ohms)
• Circuit closed conducting loop through which
  current can flow
• Series only one path
  parallel more than one independent path
• A and B on
• C off
• Electromagnet temporary magnet made by looping a
  current carrying wire around a piece of iron
  
• the strength of an electromagnet can be
  increase by increasing the voltage or increasing
  the number of loops of wire.

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Waves 

• Wave carry energy from one place to another
  without transferring mass
• Frequency of waves that pass a fixed point
  per second
• Wavelength 1 complete crest and 1 complete
  trough.
• Reflection bouncing of a wave off an object
• Interference 2 or more waves combine
• Refraction bending of wave caused by change of
  wave speed
• Diffraction bending of waves around an object
• Electromagnetic spectrum

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the density of rubbing alcohol?

• a. 1.0 g/ml
• b. . 79 g/ml
• c.1.43 g/ml
• d. 1.34 g/ml

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correctly describes what the drawings to the
right are intended to represent?
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a crystal lattice
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polymer
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which of the following will dissolve the fastest?
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which element?
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Ionic Bond
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a covalent bond
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III. CLASSIFYING THE 4 TYPES

• Synthesis
• A B ? AB
• Decomposition
• AB ? A B
• Single Displacement
• AB C ? CB A
• Double Displacement
• AB CD ? AD CB

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Arrangements of the Elements

• Alkali metals(Group IA) or Group 1
• Alkaline earth metals (Group 2A)or Group 2
• Halogens (Group 7A)or Group 17
• Noble gases (Group 8A)or Group18
• Metals (Most of the elements are metals)

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Voltage

• Energy available to move the electric current
• Measured in Volts. (Units)
• Measured with a Voltmeter

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Current

• Depends on the number of charges following
  through a wire.
• Unit for current is Ampere or amp
• Measured using a device called ammeter.

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Resistance

• depends on length, diameter, material, and
  temperature
• Measured in ohms
• Length The longer a wire is, the more resistance
  it has
• Diameter The thinner a wire, the more resistance
  it has.
• Material Wires made of poor conductors have
  more resistance than the wire made of good
  conductors
• Temperature As a wire gets hotter,its resistance
  increases

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interpreting diagrams using the terms source,
load, switch, and wire
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interpreting diagrams using the terms source,
load, switch, and wire
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interpreting diagrams using the terms source,
load, switch, and wire
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Conduction, Convection and Radiation

• Conduction
• -Heat transfer in solids
• Convection
• - Heat transfer in gases and liquids
• Radiation
• -Heat from Sun

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Conduction Heat is being transferred between two
solids.
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Convection Heat is being carried through a gas
in currents around the room.
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. Conduction Heat is being transmitted between
the solid burner and the bottom of the pan.
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Radiation Energy is being transferred through
space.
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Radiation Energy from the Sun is being
transferred through space toward Earth.
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Conduction Heat is being transferred between two
solids.
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Convection Heat is moving in currents through
the fluid.
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Radiation Heat is being transferred by waves
through space.
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Evaporation Boiling
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1.What is the source of energy that provides the
heat in this system? the Sun 2.In what form is
this energy before it is converted into heat?
light 3.Observe the device labeled solar
collector. What method of heat transfer is at
work in this device? radiation 4.To what is the
heat in the solar collector transferred? to
water, which is then circulated throughout the
home 5.What type of heat transfer is this?
 conduction 6.Where in the diagram do you see
heat transfer by convection? where heat from the
heated water is forced up into the home through
vents 7.What forms of heat transfer are used in
a solar heating system? radiation, conduction,
and convection
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IV. INTERFERENCE

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Nuclear radiation is charge dparticles and
energy that are emitted from the nuclei of
radioisotopes

• Three types of nuclear radiation
• Alpha decay When emits Alpha particles(Positively
  charged particles)
• Beta decay When releases beta charged
  particles(negatively particles)
• Gamma decay is a penetrating ray of energy
  released by an unstable nucleus.

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I. Nuclear Fission

1. The process of splitting a nucleus into two
   nuclei with smaller masses
2. Chain reaction ongoing series of fission
   reactions
3. Where does the energy come from? (reaction on
   board)

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