Digestive System

1
Digestive System

• ST120
• Concorde Career College, Portland

2
Digestive System

• Objectives
• Define the term digestion.
• Describe the functions of the digestive system.

3
Digestive System

• Objectives
• List and identify the structures of the digestive
  system and describe the function of each.
• List and identify the accessory structures of the
  digestive system and describe the function of
  each.

4
Digestive System

• Objectives
• Describe the importance of adequate nutrition.
• Describe the mechanism by which the digestive
  system helps to maintain homeostasis.

5
Digestive System

• Objectives
• Describe common diseases, disorders, and
  conditions of the digestive system including
  signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and available
  treatment options.
• Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology
  related to the digestive system verbally and in
  the written form.

6
Digestive System

• Digestion
• Mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic process by
  which ingested food is converted into material
  suitable for use at the cellular level.

7
Digestive System

• Functions of the Digestive System
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Note The digestive tract is also referred to as
  the alimentary tract or canal.

8
Wall of the Digestive Tract

• From outermost to innermost
• Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
• Muscularis (2 layers)
• Submucosa
• Mucosa

9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
Peritoneum

• Parietal - lines the abdominal cavity
• Visceral - covers the organs

12
Mesentery

• Fanlike peritoneal fold that is attached
  posteriorly and attaches to the small intestine
• Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic
  structures

13
Mesocolon

• Fanlike peritoneal fold that is attached
  posteriorly and attaches to the large intestine
• Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic
  structures

14
Diseased Mesocolon
15
Greater Omentum

• Flap-like peritoneal structure containing fat
  that extends from the greater curvature of the
  stomach to the pelvis

16
Torsion of the Greater Omentum
17
Lesser Omentum

• Extends between the lesser curvature of the
  stomach and the liver

18
Digestive Organs

• Organs of the digestive tract (pathway)
• Accessory organs

19
Main Structures of the Digestive Tract

• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine

20
Oral Cavity

• Functions
• Ingestion
• Prepare ingested items for digestion
• Begin digestion of starch

21
(No Transcript)
22
Oral Cavity
23
Teeth

• Deciduous
• Permanent
• Structure

24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Mastication Deglutition

• Mastication
• Salivary glands
• Muscles
• Deglutition
• Muscles

27
(No Transcript)
28
Salivary Duct Stone
29
Pharynx and Esophagus

• Convey ingested items to the stomach

30
Deglutition

• Note movement of food bolus

31
Impacted Esophageal Food Bolus
32
Stomach

• Divisions
• Curvatures
• Sphincters
• Muscles
• Rugae
• Gastric Juices
• Chyme

33
(No Transcript)
34
Rugae
35
Gastrectomy Specimen
36
Stomach Interior

• Goblet Cells - Produce mucus
• Parietal Cells - Produce hydrochloric acid
• Chief Cells - Produce pepsin

37
Small Intestine

• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

38
Villi
39
Large Intestine

• Cecum
• Ileocecal valve
• Vermiform appendix
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon
• Rectum
• Anus

40
(No Transcript)
41
Colectomy Specimen
42
Colectomy Specimen (Opened)
43
Rectum and Anus

• Rectum
• Valves of Houston
• Anus
• Anal columns
• Anal sinuses
• Anal valves
• Internal sphincter
• External sphincter

44
Accessory Structures

• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas

45
Liver

• Largest glandular organ in the body
• RUQ
• Two main lobes (right and left)
• Two small inferior lobes on the right

46
(No Transcript)
47
Gallbladder

• Located on the inferior surface of the liver
• Stores bile

48
Biliary Tree
49
Biliary Tree
50
(No Transcript)
51
Pancreas

• Endocrine gland
• Exocrine gland
• Extends from the duodenum (head) to the spleen
  (tail)

52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
Digestion

• Breakdown of foods into usable substances

55
Endoscopic Procedures

• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy visualization of the
  esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
• Colonoscopy visualization of the inner surface
  of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum.
• Sigmoidoscopy visualization of the sigmoid colon
• Capsule endoscopy a tiny video camera in a
  capsule that the pt. swallows. For 8 hrs it
  passes through the small intestine and transmits
  images of the walls of the small intestine.

56
Colonoscopy
57
Intestinal Disorders

• Diverticulosis the condition of having
  diverticula
• small pouch or sac occurring in the lining or
  wall of a tubular organ such as the esophagus or
  colon
• Enteritis inflammation of the small intestine
  caused by eating or drinking substances
  contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens
• Gastroenteritis
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) unknown cause
  with symptoms that include cramping, abdominal
  pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea.

58
Diverticular Disease
59
Some Procedures

• Gastrectmy
• Cholecystectomy
• Whipple pancreatectomy
• Diverticulectomy
• Ileectomy
• Jejunectomy
• Duodenectomy
• Colectomy
• Sigmoidectomy
• Proctectomy