Rank Top 5

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Rank Top 5

• Which of the following had the biggest impact?
• Disease
• Sugar
• Potatoes/corn (Maize)
• Gold/silver
• Guns

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Put the following items in order(Plantations in
the West Indies)

• exhausted soil
• Wars
• Tobacco
• indentured servitude
• sugar
• Slaves
• land value increased
• plantations expanded

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• Tobacco
• indentured servitude
• sugar
• land value increased
• Slaves
• Wars
• plantations expanded
• exhausted soil

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During the first half of the 17th century about
10,000 slaves a year arrived from Africa. The
expansion of sugar plantations in the West
Indies in the second half of the 17th century
cause the slave trade to average 20,000 slaves
per year.
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The decline of Europeans willing to be
indentured, longer periods of servitude for
slaves, and a rise in plantation owners wealth
made owning African slaves more attractive and a
better investment than indentured servants.
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A sugar plantation was a complex investment
because it had to be a factory as well as a farm.
Freshly cut cane needed to be crushed within a
few hours to extract the sugary sap.
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Combined with soil exhaustion and deforestation,
the ecological balance of the West Indies was
altered by the introduction of cattle, pigs,
horses, bananas, yams, and millet
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The Arawak peoples of the large islands were
wiped out by disease and abuse within fifty
years of Columbuss first voyage.
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A plantocracy consisted of a small number of very
rich men who owned most of the slaves and most
of the land.
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A privileged male slave, a Driver, ensured that
the gang work was completed. The great gang
comprised the strongest slaves, the second gang
comprised less fit slaves, and the grass gang
was comprised of children and the elderly.
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With 18 hour days, there was little time for
recreation and relaxation, so slaves might sing
in the fields to distract themselves from the
fatigue and the monotony of the work.
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Dysentery
Harsh working conditions
Yaws
Dangerous mill machinery
During a period of seasoning, 1/3 of imported
slaves died from unfamiliar diseases. If they
initially survived, the harsh working
conditions, poor nutrition and dangerous mill
machinery contributed to a life expectancy of 23
for males and 25.5 for females.
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• Free Whites and Free Blacks
• In Saint Dominique, there were three groups of
  free people wealthy whites, less well off
  whites, and free blacks.
• Only a very wealthy man could afford the capital
  to invest in the land, machinery, and slaves
  needed to establish a sugar plantation. (Used
  wealth to establish political power).
• Slave owners who fathered children by female
  slaves often gave both mother and child freedom
  (Manumission).
• The largest group of freed slaves in the French,
  Spanish, and Portuguese colonies came from self
  purchase.
• Runaway slaves known as maroons were also free.

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Mercantilism
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Mercantilism Versus Capitalism

• Royal Monopolies
• Tariffs and Accumulation of Gold Silver
• Economy Regulated
• Limited Amount of Wealth
• Export more than Import
• Colonies
• Armed Force

• Free Trade
• No Govt. Intervention
• Laissez Faire        
• Growth of Wealth        
• Competition
• Supply Demand    
• Banks lend money for investment/starting
  businesses
• Individuals can invest in companies (Joint
  Stock)

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• The Atlantic Circuit
• The Atlantic Circuit was a network of trade
  routes going from Europe, to Africa, from Africa
  to the plantation colonies of the Americas and
  then from colonies to Europe.
• The Slave Trade was a highly specialized business
  in which chartered companies and then private
  traders who purchased them for sale, packed them
  into specially designed ships, and then delivered
  them for sale.
• Disease, maltreatment, suicide, and psychological
  depression all contributed to the average death
  rate of 1 out of 6 slaves on the Middle Passage.

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The heart of The Atlantic Circuit was a clockwise
network of sea routes that used prevailing winds
and currents to propel their ships.
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The increased demand for sugar led to an increase
in the flow of slaves from Africa to the New
World via the Middle Passage.
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Portuguese King
African King
The Atlantic slave trade was based on a
partnership between European (chartered
companies) and African elites that was mutually
beneficial.
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Africans sold fewer women than men into the
Atlantic slave trade which reduced the long-term
effects and did not significantly affect on the
overall population of the African continent.
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European trading castle
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African Kingdoms traded slaves textiles, metal
hardware, weaponry and later for tobacco and
alcohol On the coast, slaves were sold to
different proprietors who were responsible for
shipping them over seas.
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For the 6 to 10 week voyage, slaves were
transported in modified ships that had
additional platforms on which the human cargo
was packed as tightly as possible.
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Middle Passage

• The stench of the hold was so intolerably
  loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there
  for any timeThe closeness of the place, and the
  heat of the climatealmost suffocated us
• -Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative
  of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789

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Conditions of the Ships
I was soon put down under the decks, and there I
received such a salutation in my nostrils as I
had never experienced in my life so that with
the loathsomeness of the stench and crying
together, I became so sick and low that I was not
able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste
anything. - Olaudah Equiano
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Aboard slave ships there was a 11 - 12
mortality rate for slaves and crew. Some deaths
resulted from jumping overboard, depression,
dysentery, smallpox and malaria.
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How was Islamic Slave trade different from
Trans-Atlantic? Smaller Soldiers and
Servants Women and children
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Impact of Slave Trade
Social Political Economic Overall
Destroys family structure (majority taken were men) Future imperialism and colonization of Africa Af. and Euro. benefited by taxing trade African Diaspora over 15M Africans spread throughout the world
Perpetuated Racism Most of econ. benefits went to Euro and Am colonies Areas near the Slave Coast lost a disproportionate of people
Accelerated Western capitalism
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