Title: Latin America
1Latin America
- WWI Its Impact
- Populism, Marxism, and Ideology
2Economic Impact
- Previously, economic boom w/ resource
specialization - Import substitution industrialization
- Lack of capital, low technology, limited internal
markets - War false economic stimulation
- Population growth
- Massive urban migration
- Accompanying social problems
3Economic Impact
- Elimination of European sources
- Manufacturing spurt
- Beginning of economic independence
- Emergence of US as economic power in Latin America
4Political Impact
- Land-owning elite opened up to allow middle class
in govt - Critques
- Export-import capitalism
- Growing industrial urban govt voice
- Immigration
- Unionization
- Growing nationalism
- New ideologies (anarchy on)
5Latin American Ideology
- Growth of Socialist Communist ideologies
- Establish own
- Roman Catholic Church
- Populism
- Corporatism
- Fascism
6Social Reform
- Came to a fore w/ 1929 world economic crash
- Land reform
- Populism
7Whats up in Mexico?
- Previously, Diaz
- False sense of prosperity
- Foreign economic control
- Hacienda system
- Repressed workers
- 1910-1920 revolution
- Workers united NPancho Villa, S Zapata
8Whats up in Mexico?
- Revolution
- Zapata Tierra y Libertad peasant-based
- United joined by middle class
- Soldaderas
- US intervention
- 1920, end of WW1 Mex. Rev, Obregon new pres
consolidated power strengthen country - New constitution
9Whats up in Mexico? (global context)
- Boxer Rebellion
- 1911 Chinese Revolution
- 1905 Russian Revolution
- 1917 Russian Revolution
- What was the foreign economic role in these
rebellions/revolutions? - What was the role of the world banking crisis?
- What was the role of growing nationalism?
10Whats up in Mexico?
- Nationalism and indigenism (arts literature)
- indianize the country
- Corridos
- New elite attracted to Marxism
- Diego Rivera (painter)
- Jose Clementa Orozco (painter)
- Frida Kahlo (painter)
- Mariano Azuela (novelist)
11Diego Rivera, The Agitator, 1926, Autonomous
University of Chapingo
12Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People - Mexico
Today and Tomorrow, 1934-35, Palacio Nacional,
Mexico City
13Diego Rivera, Pan-American Unity, 1940, 2/10
transportable panels
14Jose Clemente Orozco, The Trench, 1926, National
Preparatory School, Mexico City
15Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon
Trotsky (Between the Curtains), 1937
16Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939
17Corridos
- http//www.corridos.org/Default.asp?LanguageE
- Convey themes of social justice
- Unify the culture around cultural issues
18American response to Mexican nationalism
- Elite attracted to Marxism
- Fear of new government
- Nationalism of petroleum led to decline of
economic dependence
19Cuba
- Former Spanish sugar colony
- 1868, achieved independence
- North Americans flooded in
- 1896, US purchased 87 of Cuban exports
20Cuba
- Continuation of racial segregation
discrimination - White supremacy
- Interracial marriage illegal
- Created 2 Cubas
- Spanish cultural ancestor
- African cultural ancestor
- African-Cubans began to unite around cultural
heritage - 1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
21Cuba
- 1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
- Women joined independence movement
- Rebellion widespread
- Racial divide
- US fear of spread, occupied 1899-1902
- Self-governing protectorate
- Repair destruction improve infrastructure
- Absorb Cuba into US economic sphere of influence
22Cuba
- Rural masses impoverished
- Factories mills run by imported labor
- 1905, 1st elections, presidents dependent upon
the US - whitening of Cuba
- Workers unionized
- Widespread critique of US economic involvement
23Cuba
- WW1 Cuba
- Sugar boom bust
- Labor shortage
- Brought in other laborers
- By 1919, ½ of sugar mills under control of US
companies (Coca-Cola, Hersheys, Hires) - 1916, sugar 4 cents a pound (exporting 3
million tons) - May 1920, 22.5 cents a pound
- December 1920, 3.75 cents a pound
- Defaulted on bank loans
24Cuba
- University students (1/4 women) entered
political arena - 1922 began demonstrations
- Pressed for equal rights, particularly for women
25Cuba
- Machado, 1925-1933 (president)
- Close links to US
- Neglected womens suffrage promise
- 1925, strikes stopped with violence
- Communist leader
- Continued economic crisis mirrored in political
unrest - 8/12/1933, exiled
26Cuba
- Revolution of 1933
- Sugar workers joined w/ university students,
Communist - Fulgencio Batista overthrew govt ( others)
- Grau Interlude
- Labor reform
- 8 hour day
- Children from low to university
- Womens suffrage
- Land to peasants
27Cuba
- Grau Interlude
- Social impact
- 7 women congressional representatives
- 12-week maternity leave
- Employer provided childcare
- Illegal to fire women for getting married
- Alienated US
- Populist Interlude, 1938-1952
28Cuba
- Populist Interlude
- Batista ruled through puppet presidents then
himself for 4 years - 1940 constitution
- Protect labor
- Women equal rights
- Limited property rights vs. public property
29Cuba
- Continuities
- Economy closely linked to sugar throughout
- Cycle of corrupt, good ol boy presidents
- Increasing dissatisfaction
30Cuba
- Fidel Castro
- 1953, led rebels against Batista dictatorship
- history will absolve me.
- Women revolutionaries?Mariana grajales
- Fled in 1956
- Led guerillas from a distance
- Batista fled, 1959
- Prime minister, 1959, 1st secretary of Communist
party - 1960, purged moderates established friendly
relationships w/ USSR (sugar!)
31Further Latin American Case Studies
- Peru
- Torre, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(ARPA) - Emulate Mexican Revolution, socialism,
nationalism, fascism?anti-imperialism,
nationalistic, nationalize land industries - Middle-class support
- POPULISM?nationalist, anti-establishment
32Further Latin American Case Studies
- Brazil
- Coffee-export economy
- Crashed in 1929
- Vargas
- 1937, new constitution Estado Novo
- Authoritarian regime
- Limiting immigration
- Eliminating opposition parties/regimes
33Further Latin American Case Studies
- Brazil
- Vargas
- Tried to secure arms trade agreements
- State-run economy corporatist
- Nationalized petroleum
- Joined allies in WW2
34Further Latin American Case Studies
- Argentina
- Dependent on foreign markets investments
- 1929, economy collapsed, military coup
- 1943, new coup nationalists
- Industrialize modernize
- Peron
- Sympathy w/ Axis powers
- Alliances between workers, industrialists,
military - Nationalized RR, telephones, petroleum
- Radicalized, anti-Catholic church