Latin America

1
Latin America

• WWI Its Impact
• Populism, Marxism, and Ideology

2
Economic Impact

• Previously, economic boom w/ resource
  specialization
• Import substitution industrialization
• Lack of capital, low technology, limited internal
  markets
• War false economic stimulation
• Population growth
• Massive urban migration
• Accompanying social problems

3
Economic Impact

• Elimination of European sources
• Manufacturing spurt
• Beginning of economic independence
• Emergence of US as economic power in Latin America

4
Political Impact

• Land-owning elite opened up to allow middle class
  in govt
• Critques
• Export-import capitalism
• Growing industrial urban govt voice
• Immigration
• Unionization
• Growing nationalism
• New ideologies (anarchy on)

5
Latin American Ideology

• Growth of Socialist Communist ideologies
• Establish own
• Roman Catholic Church
• Populism
• Corporatism
• Fascism

6
Social Reform

• Came to a fore w/ 1929 world economic crash
• Land reform
• Populism

7
Whats up in Mexico?

• Previously, Diaz
• False sense of prosperity
• Foreign economic control
• Hacienda system
• Repressed workers
• 1910-1920 revolution
• Workers united NPancho Villa, S Zapata

8
Whats up in Mexico?

• Revolution
• Zapata Tierra y Libertad peasant-based
• United joined by middle class
• Soldaderas
• US intervention
• 1920, end of WW1 Mex. Rev, Obregon new pres
  consolidated power strengthen country
• New constitution

9
Whats up in Mexico? (global context)

• Boxer Rebellion
• 1911 Chinese Revolution
• 1905 Russian Revolution
• 1917 Russian Revolution

• What was the foreign economic role in these
  rebellions/revolutions?
• What was the role of the world banking crisis?
• What was the role of growing nationalism?

10
Whats up in Mexico?

• Nationalism and indigenism (arts literature)
• indianize the country
• Corridos
• New elite attracted to Marxism
• Diego Rivera (painter)
• Jose Clementa Orozco (painter)
• Frida Kahlo (painter)
• Mariano Azuela (novelist)

11
Diego Rivera, The Agitator, 1926, Autonomous
University of Chapingo
12
Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People - Mexico
Today and Tomorrow, 1934-35, Palacio Nacional,
Mexico City
13
Diego Rivera, Pan-American Unity, 1940, 2/10
transportable panels
14
Jose Clemente Orozco, The Trench, 1926, National
Preparatory School, Mexico City
15
Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon
Trotsky (Between the Curtains), 1937
16
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939
17
Corridos

• http//www.corridos.org/Default.asp?LanguageE
• Convey themes of social justice
• Unify the culture around cultural issues

18
American response to Mexican nationalism

• Elite attracted to Marxism
• Fear of new government
• Nationalism of petroleum led to decline of
  economic dependence

19
Cuba

• Former Spanish sugar colony
• 1868, achieved independence
• North Americans flooded in
• 1896, US purchased 87 of Cuban exports

20
Cuba

• Continuation of racial segregation
  discrimination
• White supremacy
• Interracial marriage illegal
• Created 2 Cubas
• Spanish cultural ancestor
• African cultural ancestor
• African-Cubans began to unite around cultural
  heritage
• 1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano

21
Cuba

• 1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
• Women joined independence movement
• Rebellion widespread
• Racial divide
• US fear of spread, occupied 1899-1902
• Self-governing protectorate
• Repair destruction improve infrastructure
• Absorb Cuba into US economic sphere of influence

22
Cuba

• Rural masses impoverished
• Factories mills run by imported labor
• 1905, 1st elections, presidents dependent upon
  the US
• whitening of Cuba
• Workers unionized
• Widespread critique of US economic involvement

23
Cuba

• WW1 Cuba
• Sugar boom bust
• Labor shortage
• Brought in other laborers
• By 1919, ½ of sugar mills under control of US
  companies (Coca-Cola, Hersheys, Hires)
• 1916, sugar 4 cents a pound (exporting 3
  million tons)
• May 1920, 22.5 cents a pound
• December 1920, 3.75 cents a pound
• Defaulted on bank loans

24
Cuba

• University students (1/4 women) entered
  political arena
• 1922 began demonstrations
• Pressed for equal rights, particularly for women

25
Cuba

• Machado, 1925-1933 (president)
• Close links to US
• Neglected womens suffrage promise
• 1925, strikes stopped with violence
• Communist leader
• Continued economic crisis mirrored in political
  unrest
• 8/12/1933, exiled

26
Cuba

• Revolution of 1933
• Sugar workers joined w/ university students,
  Communist
• Fulgencio Batista overthrew govt ( others)
• Grau Interlude
• Labor reform
• 8 hour day
• Children from low to university
• Womens suffrage
• Land to peasants

27
Cuba

• Grau Interlude
• Social impact
• 7 women congressional representatives
• 12-week maternity leave
• Employer provided childcare
• Illegal to fire women for getting married
• Alienated US
• Populist Interlude, 1938-1952

28
Cuba

• Populist Interlude
• Batista ruled through puppet presidents then
  himself for 4 years
• 1940 constitution
• Protect labor
• Women equal rights
• Limited property rights vs. public property

29
Cuba

• Continuities
• Economy closely linked to sugar throughout
• Cycle of corrupt, good ol boy presidents
• Increasing dissatisfaction

30
Cuba

• Fidel Castro
• 1953, led rebels against Batista dictatorship
• history will absolve me.
• Women revolutionaries?Mariana grajales
• Fled in 1956
• Led guerillas from a distance
• Batista fled, 1959
• Prime minister, 1959, 1st secretary of Communist
  party
• 1960, purged moderates established friendly
  relationships w/ USSR (sugar!)

31
Further Latin American Case Studies

• Peru
• Torre, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
  (ARPA)
• Emulate Mexican Revolution, socialism,
  nationalism, fascism?anti-imperialism,
  nationalistic, nationalize land industries
• Middle-class support
• POPULISM?nationalist, anti-establishment

32
Further Latin American Case Studies

• Brazil
• Coffee-export economy
• Crashed in 1929
• Vargas
• 1937, new constitution Estado Novo
• Authoritarian regime
• Limiting immigration
• Eliminating opposition parties/regimes

33
Further Latin American Case Studies

• Brazil
• Vargas
• Tried to secure arms trade agreements
• State-run economy corporatist
• Nationalized petroleum
• Joined allies in WW2

34
Further Latin American Case Studies

• Argentina
• Dependent on foreign markets investments
• 1929, economy collapsed, military coup
• 1943, new coup nationalists
• Industrialize modernize
• Peron
• Sympathy w/ Axis powers
• Alliances between workers, industrialists,
  military
• Nationalized RR, telephones, petroleum
• Radicalized, anti-Catholic church