INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS FOR CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES TRANSFER ACCESS AND LIMITATIONS.

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INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS FOR CLEAN
TECHNOLOGIES TRANSFER ACCESS AND LIMITATIONS.

• THE CUBAN EXPERIENCE.

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THE TRANSFER OF THE CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES PROBLEMS
ARE ANALIZED WHEN

• The Northern and Southern countries discuss
  about the issues of sustainable development
• The debate on trade and environment face up the
  TRIPs issues

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This analysis is related to the flow of
financial resources

• The flow of new and additional resources to our
  economies will determine the real possibilities
  to the access of clean technologies and is one
  of the requirements to reach sustainable
  development targets.

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INITIAL ISSUES

• Agenda 21 mandates on chapters 33 y 34.
• The MEAs mandates about clean technology
  transfer.
• The financial possibilities to reach a real TT

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TARGETS

• Hightlight methodologically and practically the
  relations between the financial mechanisms and
  TT.
• From the scope of 21 Agenda
• From the scope of MEAs

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TARGETS

• Assess the Cuban access and limitations to the
  TT.
• Present the Cuban measures adopted to stimulate
  the introduction of clean technologies

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In our research work we found two well defined
areas of influence

• COLABORATION PROJECTS
• INVESTMENT PROJECTS

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Limitations of the present study

• Lack of international statistic information about
  clean technologies transfer.
• Lack of national information about
• Foreign Investments
• Clean Technologies

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AGENDA 21Chapter 34 ABOUT THE TRANSFER OF
CLEAN TECNOLOGIES

• Less polluting.
• Sustainability and optimisation in the use of the
  resources
• More reuse and recycling of waste and products.
• More friendly and acceptable waste disposal
  technologies in comparison with the old ones.

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CLEAN TECHNOLGIES ARE

• Total Systems, that include technical knowledge,
  procedures, goods and services and equipment, as
  well as, organising and management systems.

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AGENDA 21Chapter 33. Financial sources and
mechanisms

• Hightlight the linkages between these mechanisms
  and the TT
• Review different financial mechanism, including
  the voluntary ones.
• Bring the possibility of the establishment of an
  special international fund.
• Bring other innovative options

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But the real situation is

• The ODA decrease .
• The main financial flows are directed to the
  countries of the North.
• The 95 of the new technologies, generated in
  the North are shared internally between TNC and
  not through directed investments.
• The gap between N-S continues increasing

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What we know up to this moment?

• ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION PROJECTS
• The analysis of a Data Base that contains 700
  collaboration projects shows these figures about
  multilateral and bilateral ones.

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The figures show

• In the period 95-99, from 700 analysed projects,
  327 are finished or in process.
• From these only 59 projects are directed to
  environmental issues (33.of the total)

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• ABOUT THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS
• Multilateral collaboration projects for the
  environment were only 53
• ( 16.2 of the total).
• Bilateral collaboration projects were 56 ( 17.2
  ).

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• ABOUT THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN THE PROJECTS
• Multilateral collaboration represents 45,4 for
  the environment, reaching the amount of 12,7
  MMUSD
• Bilateral collaboration represents only
• 6,8 reaching the amount of 1,9 MMUSD

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CLEAN TECHNOLGIES

• PROJECTS Number
• MULTILRERAL ----- 5 1,8
• BILATERAL --------- 4 1,2
• MUSD
• MULTILATERAL ---2803,9 10,0
• BILATERAL--------- 688,0 2,4

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First conclusion

• There is an insufficient number of collaboration
  projects directed to clean technologies , and a
  very small financial support for them.

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ABOUT FINANCIAL MECHANISM TO PROVIDE TT.

• AGENDA 21 CONTEXT.
• OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES .
• ACCES OPORTUNITIES FOR CUBA
• LIMITATIONS

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SOME OF THE MECHANISMES

• GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FUND (GEF)
• MULTILATERAL FUND FOR THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
  IMPLEMENTATION

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Agenda 21 Chapter 33 Means of implementation

• Countrys own public and private sector.
• For the developing countries the ODA.
• New and additional funding for sustainable
  development.
• Foreign Direct Investments and TT through the
  national implementation to stimulate the
  investments.
• New innovative financial mechanisms to generate
  new public and private funding.

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Agenda 21 considers that

• The average annual cost (1993-2000) of
  implementig the Agenda in developing countries
  must be over 600 billions, including about
  125 billions on grants or concessional terms from
  the international community.

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Funding sources and mechanisms

• Multilateral banks and Funds
• International Development Association (IDA),
• Regional and sub regional development Banks
• Specialised United Nations agencies
• Multilateral Institutions for Capacity building
• Bilateral Assistance Programs
• Debt relief
• Private funding

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GEF is one of the funding institutions

• Administered jointly by UNEP, UNDP and the
  World Bank
• Provides Grants and Concessional Loans designed
  to face up the global environmental targets
• Only for the coverage of the incremental costs of
  the projects

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GEF FUNDING

• National priorities projects, addressing climate
  change, biological diversity, international seas
  and depletion of the ozone layer.
• Activities to combat soil degradation, specially
  desertification and deforestation, as far as
  these activities are related with the 4th firsts
  spheres.

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FUND RESOURCES

• PILOT PHASE (91-94) 860 MMUSD
• 1st REPOSITION (95-98) 2OOO MMUSD
• 2nd REPOSITION (99-02) 2750 MMUSD

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Cuban access to GEF funding

• PROJECTS
• FINSHED 2.9 MMUSD
• IN PROCESS 5.6
• APROOVED 4.4
• IN NEGOTIATION 14.5

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL MULTILATERAL FUND

• Designed to funding the Protocol Program, in
  order to support the activities related to the
  protection of the Ozone Layer

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FUND RESOURCES

• 1st Repositión (91-93) 240 MM
• 2nd Repositión (94-96) 455 MM
• 3rd Repositión (97-99) 466 MM
• 4th Repositión (2000-02) 440 MM

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Cuban access to the funding

• PROJECTS
• FINSHED 476 MUSD
• IN PROCESS 1858
• APROOVED 155
• IN NEGOTIATION 2665

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Other conclusion
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CUBAN STEPS TO ATRACT AND PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL
SOUND TECHNOLOGIES
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SOME REFLEXIONS

• Clean Technologies are not only the most novel,
  sophisticated , remarkable new ones.
• We may consider less pollutant, more efficient,
  and sound technologies in relationship with the
  precedent ones.

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Strategy at the national level

• Promote and use scientific research capacity of
  the country to solve the national technological
  problems.
• Develop innovative technological systems and
  reengineering processes.

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The development of national capacities is
complemented with.

• The attraction of foreign clean technologies

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Positive measures implemented

• Reduction 50 border tariff for the import of
  technologies and equipment used on waste
  treatment and reduction of contaminants.
• Accelerate depreciation on the investments
  directed to develop , import, or install
  environmentally sound technologies.

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Positive measures implemented

• National Economic Plan assigned 138,4 MMP, in
  year 2000, for the investments directed to solve
  environmental problems. It means around 7,9 of
  the national total investment amount..
• Implementation of the National Environmental Fund
  as a new financial mechanism for the
  environment.

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Command control implemented measures

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and
  environmental licensing are some of the keys
  control measures for the investors
• These measures are mandatory and leaders in
  all investment processes of the country

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Other implemented economic measures

• Law No.73/1994. Taxation System, introduce
  the environmental tax over the use and
  exploitation of natural resources and to protect
  the environment

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Other implemented economic measures

• Law No.77 Foreign Investment Law recognise that
  the F I could be conduced on the basis of the
  protection of natural resources and the
  environment".
• On Article 39 the Law establishes a charge over
  the income tax when the use of natural resources
  takes place.

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PROPOSALS

• At national level
• 1- Establish a statistical and informative
  control system in order to quantify the behavior
  of the development of clean technologies in the
  national context as well as those that are
  introduced.

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PROPOSALS

• 2- Intensify the process of national capacity
  building in the process of elaboration of
  projects to be funded by international
  institutions.

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PROPOSALS

• Internationally
• 1- Ask international institutions the
• design of methodologies that
• facilitate the country control of clean
• technologies.

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PROPOSALS

• 2-Request the international institutions to
  consider the inclusion in the statistical basis
  of international trade of specific information
  that can help to know the tendencies of clean
  technology transfer.

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PROPOSALS

• 3- Request the international institutions to
  support the organization and development of
  assistance programs aimed to increase capacities
  in the elaboration of projects for these
  purposes.