Europe in the Americas

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Chapter 1

• Europe in the Americas

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Columbus

• Reasons for European exploration
• Demand for spice and other trade goods
• High cost through Middle East
• Competition with Portugal
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Portugals opening of the Indian Ocean

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Columbus

• Spain and Queen Isabella circa 1492
• The Deal
• Title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea
• Political control of discovered lands
• Ten percent of profits made in trade
• Four voyages
• Did Columbus really not know the truth?

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Spanish America

• Treaty of Tordesillas
• 1513 - Balboa - Pacific Ocean
• 1513 - Ponce de Leon - Florida
• 1519 - Cortes - Aztecs
• 1519 - Magellan

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Spanish America

• 1520s - Cabeza de Vaca - Gulf coast and American
  Southwest
• 1530s - Pizarro Incas
• 1530s - de Soto and Coronado north to Kansas
  and Grand Canyon
• By 1600s permanent settlements at St. Augustine
  in Florida and Santa Fe in New Mexico

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Journey of Cabeza de Vaca
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Indians Europeans

• Europeans gods
• The Spanish requerimiento
• Mistreatment and slaughter
• Christianizing the natives
• New England fair treatment?

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Cultural Differences

• Religious differences heathens versus
  Christians
• European materialism versus Indian
  non-materialism
• Political leadership kings versus chiefs
• Indian communal lands versus European farms
• Differences in warfare goals and tactics

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Disease Population Loss

• Genocide? A live Indian is better than a dead one
• Bartolome de Las Casas Spanish cruelty
• The Black Legend
• Disease decimation of Indian populations

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European Rivals

• France and England claimed areas of North America
  due to voyages of Verrazano and John Cabot
• Why did Spain dominate the New World?
• Spain experienced relative domestic tranquility
  while France and England suffered political and
  religious conflict
• Spain controlled areas best suited for quick
  returns
• Spain dominated Europe under Charles V

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European Rivals

• Spanish peak and decline under Philip II
• Break-up of Holy Roman Empire with ascension of
  Philip II
• Corruption of Spanish court
• Spanish involvement in religious wars debt
• Failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588
• 1588 The year that changed the world

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Protestant Reformation

• Protestant Reformation was a mix of different
  movements
• Religious movement led by Martin Luther and John
  Calvin
• Political movement to escape power of the
  Catholic Church
• Economic movement with Protestant work ethic as
  core value

Reformation
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English Beginnings

• English joint-stock companies financed
  expeditions for Northwest Passage
• Queen Elizabeth I covertly authorized Francis
  Drake to attack Spanish vessels
• Efforts to establish English colonies at
  Newfoundland in 1583 (Sir Humphrey Gilbert) and
  Roanoke in 1585 (Sir Walter Raleigh)

Roanoke
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Virginia

• Jamestown
• Founded in 1607
• Impetus for settlement was profit
• Colonization also seen as solution to
  unemployment and rid cities of rogues,
  vagabonds, and sturdy beggars

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Virginia

• Powhatan Confederacy- 32 tribes
• Strategic importance of Jamestown
• Treasure versus farming
• John Smith leadership
• Deterioration of relations with Indians
• 300 new arrivals colony could not support

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Virginia

• The starving time
• New governor Lord De La Warr
• New laws church, sodomy, adultery

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Virginia

• Tobacco West Indies transplants
• James I
• Marriage of Pocahontas John Rolfe
• Shipment of women, poor and orphans

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Virginia

• Self-government House of Burgesses
• Of 4,000 settlers 1618-1622 barely ¼ survived
• Only success was tobacco success caused
  expansion

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Virginia

• Indian war
• English policy of separating communities made
  them easier to attack
• Several settlements destroyed / 350 colonists
  killed
• War bankrupted the Virginia Company
• During companys tenure of 7,289 total settlers,
  6,040 died or returned to England

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Virginia

• After Indian war, expeditions sent out 3x year to
  kill Indians
• Treaty created demarcation line
• War in 1644-1646 banished Indians from the
  peninsula altogether

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Virginia

• Attempts by the crown to make Jamestowns economy
  more diverse were fruitless
• Efforts to create towns also failed due to
  plantation economy
• Colonists created English-style counties with
  sheriff, constable, coroner, etc

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Virginia

• Tobacco labor intensive crop
• Indentured servitude
• Crimps
• 1619 First slaves
• Comparable service and treatment
• Slavery preferred docile, cheaper, could not
  runaway

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Virginia

• Increasing reliance on slavery
• Poor whites and new immigrants forced to move
  westward
• Lack of solid middle class rise of aristocracy
• By middle of 1600s 100 families controlled
  colonys wealth and power

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Virginia

• Planter had to play role of merchant
• Lack of towns caused plantation to become
  self-sufficient
• Transactions took place on plantation docks
• Very little development of investment capital
• Development of American products discouraged

Jamestown
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Purification

• Queen Mary (Bloody Mary)
• Elizabeth I
• Anglican Church
• The Middle Road
• Radical Protestants (Puritans) wanted the Church
  purified believed it was still too Catholic
• Puritans even more unhappy under James I

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Plymouth Colony

• 19 November 1620
• Second English foothold in New World
• Private joint-stock company
• The Puritans and the Separatists
• Scrooby
• Holland
• Grant from King James I

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Plymouth Colony

• Only 41 out of 102 colonists were Pilgrims
• Landed at Cape Cod Virginia was their patent
• Mayflower Compact
• Indians and disease
• Developed successful forest diplomacy
• December 20 landing at Plymouth harbor

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Plymouth Colony

• Differences with Jamestown
• Families
• Purpose
• Teamwork

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Plymouth Colony

• Indian relations
• Samoset and Squanto
• Engagement in regional politics
• Alliance with Wampanoag versus Narragansett
• Trade presence of fishing stations
• Problems with Squanto
• Jamestown attack construction of fort

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Plymouth Colony

• Colony Business
• William Bradford
• Investors and fur trade
• 1623- move to privatization versus collectivism
  (incentive)
• 1624- population at 180 crime?
• Arrival of Massachusetts Bay Colony demand for
  crops

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Plymouth Colony

• Threat
• Merrymount
• Thomas Morton and cast-off indentured servants
• Americas first counter-culture
• Maypole and gun sales to Indians
• Miles Standish

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Plymouth Colony

• Problems in Paradise
• 1630- population of 300
• Expansion versus religious ties
• Plymouth un-influential
• Lack of recruits

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Migrations due to crises
• King Charles I and Wm Laud
• The Great Migration of 1630s
• Religious persecution
• Economic depression
• Unemployment
• Poor harvests

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• John Winthrop
• Massachusetts Bay Colony
• 1630
• Endecott
• Salem
• Boston

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Colony structure
• Each town built around a church and congregation
• Political participation restricted to church
  members only
• Land distributed giving each
• House, garden, and orchard
• Farmland, woodland, pasture, and meadow
• Other land held in common

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Status
• Townships based on quasi-feudal structure
• Class conscious church pews
• Undemocratic
• Discriminatory
• Uniformity rewarded individualism squashed

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Dissension new colony
• No tolerance for or dilution of ideals strict
  orthodoxy
• Pull of individualism
• Without a threat, Puritan ideology began to
  unravel

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• City Upon a Hill versus expansion
• "For we must consider that we shall be as a city
  upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon
  us so that if we shall deal falsely with our God
  in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him
  to withdraw His present help from us, we shall
  shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants,
  and cause their prayers to be turned into curses
  . . ." --John Winthrop, aboard the Arbella, 1630

Clip- Pilgrims Puritans
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Troublemakers

• Roger Williams
• Radical
• Negotiated with Indians and founded Providence
• Gained charter founded Rhode Island colony
• Tolerated all religions separation of church
  and state

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Troublemakers

• Quakers
• Anne Hutchison
• Outspoken critic of Puritan doctrine
• Put on trial for defaming the clergy
• Cast out of Massachusetts
• Moved to Rhode Island

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Other New England Colonies

• Connecticut
• Indians perished along Connecticut River due to
  disease
• Puritans moved in
• Four-way struggle between Puritans, Pilgrims,
  Dutch, and Indians
• Puritan treatment of Indians
• Pilgrims give up claim on land

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Other New England Colonies

• 1637 Pequot massacre
• Safety from Indians brought new government
  separate from Massachusetts
• New England Confederation
• 1643
• Allied Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and
  New Haven
• Maine and Rhode Island excluded for religious
  views

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The French

• 1564 - French Huguenots est. Fort Caroline in
  Florida
• Friendly Indians helped but French reduced to
  starvation
• Why?
• 1565 - French relief arrived with men supplies
• Spanish felt French fort was threat

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The French

• Spanish expedition under command of Menendez de
  Aviles arrived in Florida 1565
• Stonecutters, carpenters, blacksmiths, smelters,
  weavers, tanners, coopers, bakers, brewers,
  barbers, arms-makers, and even notary
• Half of soldiers were also farmers
• 26 Families

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The French

• Spanish expedition founded St. Augustine (40
  miles south of Fort Caroline)
• French and Spanish mount simultaneous attacks
• Cape Canaveral massacre
• I do not do this as unto Frenchmen but as unto
  Lutherans

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The French

• France was the most populous state in Europe (16
  million versus Spain with 8 and England with 5.5)
• King Henry IV offered fur trade to anyone who
  would finance it
• Company of New France founded (10 to Crown)

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The French

• Samuel de Champlain Father of New France
• Established failed settlements in Nova Scotia
• Many settlers lost to scurvy
• Established colony at Quebec
• Search for Northwest Passage discovered Great
  Lakes and Mississippi River
• Allied with Ottawa Indians against Iroquois
• Established exchange program between Indians and
  French

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The French

• Why the French colony remained small
• French emphasis on trade not settlement
• France lacked middle class
• Canada not an attractive destination
• Immigration encouraged through salaries, cash for
  babies, women (city women not country girls)
• No cash crop emerged

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The French

• Fur trade damaged environment
• Alcohol damaged Indian culture
• Jesuit missionaries (Black Robes) not popular
  unwilling to adapt to Indian ways
• All settlers Catholic foreigners and Huguenots
  not welcome
• Caribbean colonies more lucrative Canada a side
  show

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The Dutch

• Dutch East India Company Henry Hudson and
  Northwest Passage
• 1624 Manhattan 30 family settlement
• Settlement lasted only 40 years
• Goals of Dutch
• Fur trade
• Fort Orange (Albany) receive goods
• Manhattan ship goods

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The Dutch

• The Dutch colony
• Dutch were scrupulous in land deals with Indians
• Patroonship man who recruited 50 settlers
  received large lots of land
• Indian wars under Governor William Kieft caused
  whites to leave colony
• Governor Peter Stuyvesant ended wars attempted
  to end gun trade with Indians

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The Dutch

• New Netherlands did not grow due to emphasis on
  trade versus settlement
• New Amsterdam was hodge-podge of nationalities,
  religions, and languages
• Jews arrived 1654 but left due to anti-Semitic
  policies of Stuyvesant
• New Amsterdam captured by four British warships
  became property of the Duke of York (kings
  brother)
• Albany remained Dutch

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Maryland

• Proprietary colony personal property?
• George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) given grant by
  Charles I
• Wanted Maryland as haven for Catholics
• Colony soon had Protestant majority due to labor
  and immigrants from other colonies

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Maryland

• Religious disputes broke out (due to English
  Civil War) resulting in Toleration Act of 1649
• All religions including Quakers tolerated
• Little to no conflict with Indians

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Maryland

• Major forms of labor
• Indentured
• Convict
• Free-Willers recruited by crimps
• Disease especially malaria common over 40
  percent of servants died before contract
• Many freed servants could not get land due to
  surveying and registration fees

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Maryland

• Women
• Fewer numbers allowed pick of suitors
• Female indentured servants often had contracts
  bought out
• High mortality rate only 1/3 of marriages
  lasted longer than ten years
• 20 percent of children orphaned by age 12

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The Carolinas

• Proprietary colony
• Envisioned with huge estates worked by a peasant
  class
• Reality was like Virginia and Maryland
• First settlers from Barbados 1670 two areas
  focus of settlement Charles Town and Albemarle
• Charles Town thrived on trade / Albemarle poorer
  later split as South and North Carolina

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The Middle Colonies

• New York taken from Dutch
• New Jersey granted as proprietary colony later
  portion sold to Quakers
• King Charles II gave Wm Penn grant to
  Pennsylvania to settle debt
• Delaware ceded to Penn by Duke of York

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The Middle Colonies

• Penn and Quakers intent on dealing with Indians
  fairly
• Good lands in Pennsylvania attracted large German
  (Dutch Deutsch) migration
• Fertile lands made Pennsylvania prosperous colony
  with agricultural exports to Europe and Caribbean

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Indians Europeans

• Indian influences
• Flora and fauna
• Agriculture especially corn
• Birchbark canoe
• European Influences
• Metal objects
• Clothing
• Attitudes war, property, power