Background

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Background

• Biologists have long organized living things into
  large groups called kingdoms.
• There are six of them
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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Some recent findings

• In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into
  two groups of bacteria
• Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• Because these two groups of bacteria were
  different in many ways scientists created a new
  level of classification called a DOMAIN.
• Now we have 3 domains
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

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5 common characteristics used for comparison
among living organisms

• Cell type 2 kingdoms are prokaryotic 4
  kingdoms are eukaryotic
• Cell wall 4 of the 6 kingdoms have a cell wall
• Body type unicellular vs. multicellular
• Nutrition autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
• Reproduction sexual vs. asexual

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KingdomArchaebacteria

• Both kingdoms of bacteria have species that are
  microscopic humans cant see them unless we
  stain them and then look at them under the
  microscope. The pictures you see are magnified
  many times!!

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The Domain Archaea

• ancient bacteria
• Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered
  in Yellowstone National Parks hot springs and
  geysers.

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Basic Facts

• They live in extreme environments (like hot
  springs or salty lakes) and normal environments
  (like soil and ocean water).
• All are unicellular (each individual is only one
  cell).
• No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
• Some have a flagella that aids in their
  locomotion.

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Some weird things about this kingdom

• Most dont need oxygen to survive
• They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
• They can survive enormous temperature extremes
• They can survive high doses of radiation
  (radioactivity)
• They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor
  vents deep below the oceans surface
• They can tolerate huge pressure differences

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3 Main Types

• Methanogens
• Thermoacidophiles
• Halophiles

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Methanogens

• They release methane (CH4) as a waste product
• Many live in mud at the bottom of lakes and
  swamps because it lacks oxygen
• Some live in the intestinal tracts of animals to
  help break down food
• Others like to hang out in the stomach
• Your intestinal gas is a waste product caused by
  bacteria in the body breaking down the food you
  eatthats why farts dont smell sweet!

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Significance of methanogens

• They could play a role in garbage/sewage cleanup
  by having methanogens eat garbage.
• The methane waste the bacteria produce after
  eating the garbage or sewage could be used as
  fuel to heat homes.
• Some landfills already employ this methodthe
  only problem is that its expensive.

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Thermoacidophiles

• Live in the dark
• Live without oxygen
• Like to live in superheated water with
  temperatures reaching 750 deg F
• Prefer environments that are very acidic (between
  pH of 1-3)
• Live in a chemical soup of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
  and other dissolved minerals (rotten egg smell)
• Thermo temperature
• Acidophil acid loving

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The interior layers of the Earth are made up of
many different types of metals (iron, copper).
The black color is caused by a chemical reaction
of the metals with the ocean water. In extreme
temperatures and pressures, this is where some
thermoacidophiles like to live.
Black Smokers
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Other thermoacidophiles like to live in hot
springs or geysers. Hot springs are pools of hot
water that have moved toward earth's surface.
The source of their heat is the hot magma beneath
and they can reach temperatures as high as 400
degrees Fahrenheit
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http//www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm
Old Faithful erupts more frequently than any of
the other big geysers. Its average interval
between eruptions is about 91 minutes. An
eruption lasts 1 1/2 to 5 minutes, expels 3,700 -
8,400 gallons of boiling water, and reaches
heights of 106 - 184 feet.
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Halophiles

• Can live in water with salt concentrations
  exceeding 15
• The oceans concentration is roughly 4
• Halo salt
• phil loving

The Great Salt Lake in Utah
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The Great Salt Lake in Utah

• It is interesting to note that the Great Salt
  Lake is actually three to five times saltier than
  the ocean.
• Every year, members of the salt industry extract
  about 2.5 million tons of sodium chloride (salt,
  NaCl) from the lake.
• The Great Salt Lake has no fish. The largest
  aquatic critters in the Great Salt Lake are brine
  shrimp.
• Given that the salty water can be corrosive to
  metal, motorized boats are not very popular at
  Great Salt Lake State Park. Additionally, since
  the salt content of the Great Salt Lake increases
  the waters density, water skiing and jet skiing
  is not very common.

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KingdomEubacteria

• true bacteria

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Bacteria vs. Eukarya
Bacteria Eukarya
Internal compartmentalization No nucleus, few organelles Nucleus with many organelles
Cell size Very small microscopic Small still microscopic but 10 to 100 times bigger than bacteria
Number of cells unicellular multicellular
Chromosomes Single, circular DNA strand Many chromosomes made up of DNA
Reproduction Asexually by binary fission Sexually by conjugation Asexually by mitosis and Sexually by meiosis
Flagella Common in most species Seldom seen in species longer and stronger than bacteria
Metabolic diversity Can survive with or without oxygen Require oxygen to survive
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Bacterial Cell Shapes

• Bacillus (rod-shaped)
• Coccus (round-shaped)
• Spirillum (spiral-shaped)

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Obtaining Energy

• Most scientists classify bacteria based on how
  they obtain energy
• Photosynthesizers
• Chemoautotrophs
• Heterotrophs

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Photosynthesizers

• A significant fraction of the worlds
  photosynthesis is carried out by bacteria
• Cyanobacteria are blue-green bacteria that
  contain chlorophyll in their cell membrane
• Cyanobacteria are thought to have made the
  Earths oxygen atmosphere

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Chemoautotrophs

• Breakdown chemicals found in the soil they use
  those chemicals for nutrition
• The bacterias waste products act as fertilizer
  and helps with agriculture
• A handful of soil can have up to 10 billion
  bacterial organisms

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Heterotrophs

• Most types of Eubacteria are heterotrophic
• Together with fungi, they serve as primary
  decomposers for the environment by releasing
  nutrients back to the soil after living things
  have died.

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REPRODUCTION

• Asexual binary fission (single cell splits into
  2 identical new cells)
• Sexual conjugation trading DNA

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Pathogenic Bacteria

• Your body is a treasure chest of wealth just
  waiting to be discovered by bacteria.
• Bacteria have evolved various ways of entering
  your body and taking what they need in order to
  survive
• In some cases, the competition for the resources
  in your body can result in you becoming ill.

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Gram Staining

• Gram staining is used to identify bacteria with
  extra membranes. These bacteria are more
  resistant to damage (antibiotics).
• Gram positive stain purple
• Gram negative stain red
• (extra membrane made of
  peptidoglycan)

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Bacteria are harmful in two ways

• 1 - Bacteria can metabolize their host by using
  different parts of the body as their food source.
• Tuberculosis is a less common bacterial infection
  that attacks the lungs of humans.
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that
  uses the lung tissue as a food source.
• The warm, moist environment allows the bacteria
  to reproduce and populate the lungs.

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• 2 - Bacteria cause disease by secreting chemical
  compounds called toxins into their environment.
• Humans are most affected when food is not
  properly prepared. Food poisoning is the common
  name given to people who get severely sick after
  eating something that wasnt cooked well.
• Most types of toxin bacteria can be killed by
  boiling water and cooking foods at recommended
  temperatures.
• Kitchen and surface antibacterial products also
  help in ridding our house of these relentless
  pests.

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Weve talked about why bacteria is BADIs there
anything GOOD about bacteria?

• Act as decomposers
• Live within our digestive tract (called
  probiotics)
• Many foods we eat are processed by bacteria
  (pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives,
  vinegar, etc.)
• Bacteria can be used in mines to breakdown the
  surrounding rock and leave behind the useful
  ore/metal.
• Used to breakdown chemical/oil spills

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Antibiotics

• In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed a fungus
  growing on a Petri plate that was growing
  bacteria.
• He saw that the bacteria did not grow near the
  fungus.
• He concluded that the fungus was secreting a
  substance that killed the bacteria.
• He later called the secretion penicillin.
• Penicillin is one of many medicines that help
  fight bacterial infections.

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Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

• Problem 1
• Because bacteria can multiply very quickly, a
  7-10 day course of antibiotics might not kill all
  of the bacteria.
• The bacteria that remain become resistant and may
  mutate their DNA and reproduce more cells.
• The new cells are now resistant to the antibiotic
  and make it harder to treat an infection the next
  time around.

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• Problem 2
• Another problem in society is related to people
  not taking their prescribed course of pills.
• Sometimes if people start to see improvement in
  their symptoms they stop taking their medication.
• This leaves more opportunity for the bacteria not
  yet killed by the antibiotic to reproduce and
  create resistant cells.

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• Problem 3
• Do antibacterial soaps really work?
• Regular, routine use of these types of soaps may
  be doing more harm then good.
• The bacteria that are commonly found on our skin
  may become resistant to the antibacterial
  chemicals put in the soaps.