The World of Earth Science

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The World of Earth Science

• Chapter 1

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Section 1Branches of Earth Science

• Objectives
• Describe the four major branches of Earth science
• Identify four examples of Earth science that are
  linked to other areas of science

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Geology Science That Rocks

• The study of the origin, history, and structure
  of the Earth and the processes that shape the
  Earth is called _______.
• A geologist who studies fossils is called a
  ____________.
• A geologist who studies earthquakes is called a
  ___________.
• A geologist who studies volcanoes is called a
  ___________.

geology
paleontologist
seismologist
volcanologist
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Oceanography- Water, Water Everywhere

• Studies plants and animals that live in the ocean
• Studies amounts and distributions of natural and
  human-made chemicals in the ocean
• Studies waves and ocean currents to see how the
  affect weather patterns and aquatic life
• Studies the ocean floor for clues about Earths
  history

• Biological Oceanographer
• Chemical Oceanographer
• Physical Oceanographer
• Geological Oceanographer

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• Today, oceanographers use miniature submarines to
  explore the ocean floor.
• Rock chimneys on the ocean floor that spew black
  clouds are called black smokers.

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Meteorology-Its a Gas!

• Why did fewer people die during Hurricane Andrew
  than during the similar storm that hit Florida in
  1928?
• Hurricane tracking and weather forecasting
• Why do meteorologists like Howard Bluestein chase
  tornadoes?
• To help predict how a tornado will behave

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Astronomy-Far, Far, Away

• One type of instrument astronomers use is called
  a ______ ________.
• _____ _________ are used to study objects that do
  not give off light.
• Astronomers can learn about bodies in space by
  studying the patterns formed from
  _________________.
• The ____ is the closest star to the Earth.

Optical telescope
Radio telescopes
radio waves in space
sun
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Special Branches of Earth Science

• The study of how humans interact with the
  environment is known as __________________.
• A scientists who studies communities of organisms
  and their nonliving environment is called an
  _________.
• Geochemistry combines the studies of what two
  areas of science?
• Geology
• Chemistry
• Scientists who study the Earths surface features
  are __________________.
• Scientists who make maps of the Earths surface
  are called_____________.

environmental science
ecologists
physical geographers
Cartographers
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Section 2Scientific Methods in Earth Science

• Objectives
• Explain how scientists begin to learn about the
  natural world.
• Explain what scientific methods are and how
  scientists use them.
• Identify the importance of communicating the
  results of a scientific investigation.
• Describe how scientific investigations often lead
  to new investigations.

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• How do scientists begin to learn about the
  natural world?
• They ask questions
• What is the goal of scientists when they use the
  scientific method?
• To come up with reliable answers and solutions
• Steps to the scientific method
• Ask a question
• Form a Hypothesis
• Test the Hypothesis
• Analyze the Results
• Draw Conclusions
• Communicate Results
• Case Colsed?

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The Scientific Method

• Ask a question
• Why do scientists ask questions?
• To focus the purpose of an investigation

• Form a Hypothesis
• What is a hypothesis
• An explanation that is based on prior scientific
  research or observations and that can be tested

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The Scientific Method

• Test the Hypothesis
• How do scientist test hypotheses?
• By gathering data
• An experiment that tests only one factor, or
  variable, at a time is a ___________________.
• What is the purpose of changing only one variable
  in an experiment?
• If more than on variable is changes, scientists
  cannot easily determine which variable caused the
  outcome.

controlled experiment
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The Scientific Method

• Analyze the Results
• What do scientists often do to organized and
  summarize their data?
• They often make tables and graphs

• Draw Conclusions
• Why do scientists draw conclusions about their
  results?
• To see if their results supported their
  hypotheses.
• What can scientists do if their tests do not
  support their hypothesis?
• They may repeat investigations to check for errors

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The Scientific Method

• Communicate Results
• What do other scientists do after the results of
  an investigation are shared?
• Other scientists evaluate the evidence. They also
  review the experimental procedure, data, and
  explanations. If they disagree, they may further
  investigate to find the truth.
• Case Closed?
• Why might an investigation continue after its
  results are accepted?

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Section 3Scientific Models

• Objectives
• Explain how models are used in science
• Describe the three types of models
• Identify which types of models are best for
  certain topics
• Describe the climate model as an example of a
  mathematical model

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Models

• Model made up of mathematical equations and data
• Model made up of many hypotheses
• Model that you can touch and that looks and acts
  like a real thing

• Mathematical Model
• Conceptual Model
• Physical Model

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Section FourMeasurement and Safety

• Objectives
• Explain the importance of the International
  System of Units
• Determine appropriate units to use for particular
  measurements
• Identify lab safety symbols and determine what
  they mean

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Measurement and Safety

• Long ago, standardized units were based
  on______________.
• Why was the International System of Units (SI)
  developed?
• To have a global measurement system

parts of the body
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Temperature

• The unit that scientists usually use to describe
  temperature
• The SI unit for temperature
• The unit that describes normal body temperature
  as 98.6 F

• Degrees Celsius
• Kelvin
• Degrees Fahrenheit