REPRODUCTION

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REPRODUCTION

• All cells come from cells.
• Essential for the continuation of a species

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Types of Reproduction
Asexual Sexual
Parents One parent Results in clones (genetically identical) Two parents egg and sperm sex cells (gametes)
Variation Very little or no variation in offspring Great variation (diversity) due to crossing over (exchanging genetic info)
Mate Selection No mate selection needed Varying degrees of mate selection
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METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• 1. BINARY FISSION
• DNA copies itself and then cell divides in half
• results in 2 identical, equally sized offspring
  (cells)
• EX bacteria, amobea

AMOBEAS
http//www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgen
etics/asexualreproduction/
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• 2. BUDDING
• NUCLEUS DIVIDES EQUALLY, CYTOPLASM DOES NOT
• RESULTS IN different sized BUDS offspring
• EX YEAST, HYDRA

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• 3. SPORULATION
• SPORE FORMATION
• single specialized cells made by mitosis that
  grow (germinate) into a new organism under proper
  conditions (WATER AND FOOD)!
• EX OCCURS IN MOLD AND OTHER FUNGI

Spores
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• 4. REGENERATION is the ability to replace body
  parts.
• Example Starfish, worms, hydras

To what extent can regeneration occur in humans?
Why?
Humans can regenerate certain
organs like the skin but not old body parts
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• 5. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
• can be produced asexually from the roots, stems
  and leaves of an existing plant.

• Natural
• Bulbs tulips, onions and lilies
• Runners Grass and strawberries
• Tuber -potato

• Artificial
• Cuttings segments separated from the plant and
  placed in soil to grow a new plant
• Grafting attaching a branch or stem of one
  plant on to another

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Vegetative Propagation

• PROS

• CONS

Plants are identical good if productive strong
Faster than planting a seed
Seedless fruit
Can be wiped out by disease or disaster
Can be more susceptible to insecticides 

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Cell Reproduction Vocabulary

• DNA instructions for making proteins

• Genes a segment of DNA that tells the ribosome
  to make ONE specific protein

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• Chromosome a very long piece of DNA that has
  a1000 genes
• Chromatin chromosomes all stretched out

• Homologous chromosomes a pair of chromosomes
  carrying the same genes (one from each parent)
• Centromere the point where the chromosomes
• join together

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Mitosis - HOW NORMAL CELLS DIVIDE

• What is Mitosis?
• The process of distributing exact copies of
  genetic information

http//www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgen
etics/mitosis/ (209)

• Malfunction of Cell Reproduction Uncontrolled
  mitosis
• Production of numerous, nonfunctional cells
• Force out functional cells by stealing their
  nutrients
• Very dangerous when cancer cells enter the
  endocrine
• or circulatory systems.
• Results  
• Cancers
• Tumor Growth

Thyroid Cancer
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What is it used for?

• Growth development
• from fertilized egg to multi-celled organism
• 2. Repair of the body
• Replace cells that die from normal wear tar or
  from injury
• 3. Asexual reproduction
• Mitosis (nuclear division)

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How does it happen?

• Genetic material within the nucleus makes an
  exact copy of itself.
• It is then packaged and separated into two new
  nuclei.
• Each daughter cell gains exactly one copy of the
  genetic material.

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InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseC
ytokinesis
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis
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Stages/pHASES of the cell cycle
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Cytokinesis
M I T O S I S
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PNEUMONIC DEVICE

• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis

I Pray More At The Church
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3kpR5RSJ7SAfeature
related
http//www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
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INTERPHASE

• When cell is NOT dividing!
• Performs all metabolic activites
•  Obtains nutrients, grows, reads its DNA
• Replicates DNA before the cell divides

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PROPHASE

• Centrioles move to opposite poles
• Spindle fibers form
• Nucleolus and Nuclear Membrane disappear
• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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METAPHASE

• Chromosomes line up IN THE MIDDLE

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ANAPHASE

• Daughter chromosomes pull apart

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TELOPHASE (Exact opposite of Prophase)

• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform
• Spindle fibers disappear
• Chromosomes stretch out

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CYTOKINESIS ( cyto cell kinesis movement )

• Cell membranes of animal cells pinch in and
  divide in the middle.
• Plant cells create a cell plate which becomes the
  cell wall after division

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Cell Cycle
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Mitosis Animal v. Plant
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KEYS TO MITOSIS

• Original cell has complete set of chromosomes
• This is known as DIPLOID or 2N
• One division results in 2 DAUGHTER CELLS
• No genetic material exchanged
• Cells are GENETICALLY IDENTICAL
• Daughter Cells are also DIPLOID or 2N
• Ex. Original cell has 46 chromosomes, daughter
  cells will have 46 chromosomes
• IN SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS
• Method of reproduction (ASEXUAL)
• Protists, some Algae, and Molds
• IN MULTI-CELLED ORGANISMS
• Mitosis used for GROWTH and REPLACEMENT of
• BODY (somatic) CELLS (skin, liver, heart etc)

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Overview of mitosis
http//www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/co
ntent/mitosis.html
Copy DNA
Line Up
Separate
Divide