The Age of Discovery

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The Age of Discovery

• The Scientific Revolution
• European Exploration Expansion

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The Scientific Revolution

• Essential Questions
• What were the factors that contributed to the
  Scientific Revolution?
• How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenge
  traditional thought?
• What were some of the important scientific
  discoveries of this period?

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• Magic
• Alchemists tried to use magic to change
  substances
• Lead to gold
• Astrologers believed the stars affected human
  events
• Roger Bacon
• Franciscan Monk
• Studied at Oxford and Paris
• Favored a system of scientific experimentation
  rather than following traditional religious
  thought
• Became known as Dr. Mirabilis or wonderful
  teacher
• Renaissance encouraged
• Curiosity
• Investigation
• Discovery

Led to Scientific Revolution
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• Scientists formed conclusions based on
  observation
• New tools and instruments to observe and measure
• Instruments barometer, microscope, telescope,
  thermometer, air pump.

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Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy

• Ptolemy Roman astronomer
• Geocentric theory- Planets revolve around the
  earth
• Copernicus heliocentric theory
• Planets revolve around sun
• Kepler and Galileo
• Kepler proved Copernicus theory
• Galileo made improvements to telescope
• Newton laws of motion and gravity
• Vesalius studied anatomy and circulation

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The Triumph of the New Science

• Descartes
• I think, therefore I am.
• Great gains in mathematics, sciences,
  philosophy
• Believed in using only known facts to arrive at
  conclusions
• Francis Bacon
• Believed scientific theories could be developed
  through observation
• Other scientific discoveries
• Calculus Newton and Liebnitz
• Microscope Leeuwenhoek (discovered bacteria)
• Chemistry Robert Boyle

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The Foundations of European Exploration

• Essential Questions
• What are the technological advances that made
  European exploration possible?
• Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution.
• What role did mercantilism play in the colonies?

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Improvements in Technology

• Mapmaking
• New world, Africa and Asia added to maps
• Navigation
• Development of compass
• New ships
• Traveled farther, faster, and under greater
  variety of weather conditions

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Economic Changes

• Commercial Revolution
• Standardization of money encouraged international
  trade and banking
• Joint Stock Companies
• Companies that owners raised money for by selling
  shares
• As company value went up, price of shares went up
• People could make money by sharing in other
  businesses
• Dividends paid to investors

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Mercantilism

• Balance of trade
• To increase countrys wealth
• Receive more gold than paid to other nations
• Tariff import taxes
• Subsidies
• Grants of money to create exportable goods
• Showed government support of domestic industry
• The role of colonies
• Colonies were not allowed to manufacture or
  import goods
• Could only create raw materials

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Social Change

• Curiosity and spirit of discovery
• Hope of wealth or better way of life
• Escape religious persecution or spread religion

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Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Essential Questions
• What did the early Portuguese explorers
  accomplish?
• How did the voyages of Christopher Columbus
  influence the world?
• Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.

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Portugals First Explorers

• Africa
• Slave, gold, ivory trade
• Africans participated in slaves trade
• Sold conquered tribes into slavery
• Prince Henry The Navigator
• Found African trade route
• Main goal was to find gold for Portugal
• Inspired Portugals exploration
• Dias and Vasco da Gama
• Overseas trade route to India and East Indies

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Christopher Columbus

• Italian explorer, sailed for Spain
• Studied Marco Polo and Ptolemys writings
• Thought the fastest way to India was to sail west
• First European to discover new world
• Vikings discovered America in 1000 AD, but no one
  knew about it
• Landed at San Salvador

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The Impact of Columbus Voyages

• Columbian Exchange
• Name for trade between Europe and the Americas
• American foods were introduced in Europe
• Spanish brought horses to the Americas
• Also brought smallpox and other diseases
• Killed millions
• Sparked a desire in the rest of Europe to explore
  new world

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Dividing the New Lands

• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Treaty that divided trade in the Americas between
  Spain and Portugal
• Spain took most of Central and South America and
  Philippines
• Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East
  Indies

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Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan

• Amerigo Vespucci
• Believed that Columbus did not discover Asia
• Explored North American continent
• First to call it the New World
• America was named after him
• Balboa
• South Sea
• Magellan
• Pacific Ocean named by Magellan, means peaceful
  
• Proved that the western lands were a New World,
  not a part of Asia
• First to sail around world

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Portuguese Expansion

• Conquered lands in East Indies
• Allowed Portuguese to control others access to
  Asian goods and markets

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The Slave Trade

• Triangular trade
• Merchants shipped goods to Africa
• Slaves were sent to the Americas
• Merchants sent products to Europe
• African kingdoms and slavery
• Not all African kingdoms participated in slave
  trade
• Some native populations in Africa were depleted

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The Portuguese Empire Weakens

• Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain
  expansion and colonization
• Battles cost money and lives
• Portugals population was too small to replace
  needed people

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The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Essential Questions
• How did Spain extended its power abroad and at
  home?
• Why were the Dutch successful in the 1600s?
• Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.

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Spains Colonial Empire

• Conquests
• Ponce de Leon
• Explored Florida and Caribbean
• Cortés conquered Aztecs
• Defeated Montezuma at Tenochtitlán and built
  Mexico City in its place
• Colonial government and society
• Spanish brought new things to new world
• Horses
• Guns
• Disease
• Weakened native Aztec populations
• Spain grew wealthy

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Spains Colonial Rivals

• French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of
  Spains wealth and lands

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Charles V

• Holy Roman Emperor
• Had conflicting demands between
• Being king of Spain
• Supporting German aims
• Defending Christian Europe
• Realized it was too much for one man
• Divided lands among members of his family

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Philip II

• King of Spain
• Controlled every facet of government
• Directed Spanish Inquisition
• Defeated Ottomans
• Defeated by England
• Attempted to invade with the Spanish Armada
  (Large Navy)
• Lost control of the Netherlands

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The Rise of the Dutch

• The Netherlands break from Spain
• Practiced guerrilla warfare
• Northern provinces declared independence from
  Spain
• Dutch society
• Seafaring people
• Religious tolerance
• Lively cultural center
• The Dutch colonial empire
• Trade was controlled by Dutch East India Company
• Did not force their own culture or religious
  beliefs on other societies

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The Spanish Empire Declines

• Growing population
• Increased costs and shortage of food, clothing,
  and housing
• Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos (Moorish converts
  to Christianity)
• Many skilled bankers
• Business people
• Commercial leaders and artisans
• Flow of money out of Spain