TEACHING HOW TO THINK

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TEACHING HOW TO THINK
TEACHING OF THINKING ????
TEACHING FOR THINKING ???????
Direct instruction in thinking in non curricular
contexts
Use of methods which promote thinking in
curricular contexts
INFUSION ????????
Restructuring content lessons for direct
instruction in thinking
Lessons improve student thinking and enhance
content learning.
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COMPONENTS OF INFUSION LESSONS

• INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT AND PROCESS
• Teacher comments on the content objectives
• Teacher comments on the thinking process and its
  significance

• THINKING ACTIVELY
• Active thinking involving verbal prompts
• Active thinking involving graphic maps

• THINKING ABOUT THINKING
• Reflect activities that help students think about
  the thinking process

• APPLYING THINKING
• Transfer activities that involve use of the skill
  in other examples
• Immediate transfer
• (1) Near Transfer
• Application similar to the initial
  infusion lesson.
• (2) Far Transfer
• Application different from the initial
  infusion lesson.
• Reinforcement later
• Application later in the school year different
  from the
• infusion lesson.

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INFUSION LESSON (1)
OBJECTIVES
THINKING SKILL OR PROCESS
CONTENT
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INFUSION LESSON (2)
METHODS AND MATERIALS
CONTENT
THINKING SKILL OR PROCESS

• Expository methods
• Inquiry methods
• Co-operative learning
• Graphic organizers
• Advance organizers
• Higher order questions
• Specialized software
• Using manipulative
• Integrated arts
• Directed observations

• Structured questioning strategies
• Specialized graphic organizers
• Collaborative learning, including
  Think/Pair/Share
• Direct or inductive explanation of thinking
  process
• Learner-generated cognitive maps (diagrams and
  pictures)

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INFUSION LESSON (3)
OPTIONAL EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

• Can occur at any time during the lesson)
• Reinforcing other thinking skills and processes
• Research extension
• Specialized assignments to reinforce the
  thinking

ASSESSING STUDENT THINKING

• Extended written or oral assignments
• Performance assessments

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???????(1)

• ????? (Comparing and Contrasting)
• ???? (Classification)
• ??????? (Parts-Whole Relationship)
• ???? (Sequencing)
• ???? (Finding Reasons)
• ???? (Finding Conclusion)

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???????(2)

• ???? (Uncovering assumptions)
• ????? (Generating Possibilities)
• ????? (Creating Metaphors)
• ?????? (Determining Reliable Sources)
• ??????(Causal Explanation)
• ?? (Prediction)

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???????(3)

• ???? (Prioritizing)
• ?? (Generalization)
• ?????? (Conditional Reasoning)
• ???? (Between Right and Wrong)
• ??? (Induction)
• ??? (Deduction)

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???????(4)

• ???? (Error Analysis)
• ?????? (Constructing Support)
• ???? (Abstracting)
• ??????? (Analyzing Perspectives)

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