US in World War II

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US in World War II
Page 56 NCSCOS Goal 10
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U.S. Prepares for War

• -Cash and Carry policy begins
• U.S. will sell arms to countries who pay cash and
  can transport them on their own (help France and
  Britain)
• -Axis Powers formed
• Japan, Italy, Germany form alliance
• -Selective Service begins draft process
• -Roosevelt seeks third term
• Four Freedoms Speech, Religion,
• Want, Fear
• -Lend-Lease policy begun to help supply
  allies-Arsenal of Democracy
• The U.S. must defend Britain or we will fall to
  Hitler next
• U.S. will give Allies supplies
• -Atlantic Charter signed between U.S. and Britain
• Freedom of seas, mutual protection
• resembles 14 points of Wilson

The three Axis nationsGermany, Italy, and
Japanwere a threat to the entire world. They
believed they were superior and more powerful
than other nations, especially democracies. By
signing a mutual defense pact, the Axis powers
believed the U.S. would never risk involvement in
a two-ocean war. In response, the Allied nations
enter into the Lend-Lease policy and Atlantic
Charter with the U.S.
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In the future days, which we seek to make secure,
we look forward to a world founded upon four
essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of
speech and expression--everywhere in the
world. The second is freedom of every person to
worship God in his own way--everywhere in the
world. The third is freedom from want--which,
translated into universal terms, means economic
understandings which will secure to every nation
a healthy peacetime life for its
inhabitants-everywhere in the world. The fourth
is freedom from fear--which, translated into
world terms, means a world-wide reduction of
armaments to such a point and in such a thorough
fashion that no nation will be in a position to
commit an act of physical aggression against any
neighbor--anywhere in the world. That is no
vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite
basis for a kind of world attainable in our own
time and generation. That kind of world is the
very antithesis of the so-called new order of
tyranny which the dictators seek to create with
the crash of a bomb. Franklin Delano Roosevelt


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Hitlers Mistake

• -Battle of Britain has stalled
• Hitler turns his attention to U.S.S.R.
• -June 1941 Germany attacks Russia
• Breaks non-aggression pact and begins invasion
  U.S. sends lend/lease aid to USSR
• -early success but then stalemate
• Germans halted at Stalingrad
• -Russian winter sets in and halts advance
• Germans not used to the winter, cannot get
  supplies or reinforcements
• -Now war is on two fronts
• Hitlers forces divided
• Eventually pushed out of USSR

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U.S. enters the War

• -U.S. has embargo on Japan for actions in the
  Pacific
• Japan invading lands in Indochina U.S. cuts off
  essential oil trade
• -U.S. had warning of a possible Japanese attack
  somewhere
• Did not know where (could be any Pacific Island)
• -Dec. 7th, 1941 Pearl Harbor is attacked
• day that will live in infamy
• 2400 dead, 1200 wounded destroyed nearly the
  entire Pacific fleet
• -U.S. declares war on Japan and then Germany,
  Italy declare war on U.S.

It was a mess. I was working on the U.S.S.
Shaw. It was on a floating dry dock. It was in
flames. I started to go down into the pipe
fitters shop to get my toolbox when another wave
of Japanese came in. I got under a set of
concrete steps at the dry dock where the
battleship Pennsylvania was. An officer came by
and asked me to go into the Pennsylvania and to
try to get the fires out. A bomb had penetrated
the marine deck, andthree decks below. Under
that was the magazines ammunition, powder,
shells. I said, There aint no way Im gonna go
down there. It could blow up any minute. I was
young and 16, not stupid.
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Overview Map of Pearl Harbor
Japanese Zero Plans Taking off in the Pacific
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The Bombing of Pearl Harbor
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"A military man can scarcely pride himself on
having 'smitten a sleeping enemy' it is more a
matter of shame, simply, for the one smitten. I
would rather you made your appraisal after seeing
what the enemy does, since it is certain that,
angered and outraged, he will soon launch a
determined counterattack." Isoroku Yamamoto
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Americans in the Service

• -millions volunteered and millions more were
  drafted
• 5 million volunteered, needed more
• 10 million drafted
• -GIs went to basic training for 8 weeks
• Government Issue
• -Womens Auxiliary Corps
• Jobs women could do better than men
• thousands volunteered
• Worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio
  operators, electricians, pilots (noncombatant
  positions)
• -Minorities served in segregated units
• Tuskegee Airmen

The civilian went before the Army doctors, took
off his clothes, feeling silly jigged, stooped,
squatted, wet into a bottle became a soldier.
He learned how to sleep in the mud, tie a knot,
kill a man. He learned the ache of loneliness,
the ache of exhaustion, the kinship of misery.
He learned that men make the same queasy noises
in the morning, feel the same longings at night
that every man is alike and that each man is
different.
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A few weeks after the bill to establish the
Womens Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) had become
law, Oveta Culp Hobby, a Texas newspaper
executive and the first director of the WAAC, put
out a call for recruits. More than 13,000 women
applied on the first day. In all, some 350,000
women served in this and other auxiliary branches
during the war. The WAC remained a separate unit
of the army until 1978, when male and female
forces were integrated. In 2001, almost 200,000
women served in the U.S. armed forces.
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Womens Auxiliary Corps
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Among the brave men who fought in Italy were the
pilots of the all-black 99th Pursuit Squadronthe
Tuskegee Airmen. In Sicily, the squadron
registered its first victory against an enemy
aircraft and went on to more impressive strategic
strikes against the German forces throughout
Italy. The Tuskegee Airmen won two Distinguished
Unit Citations (the militarys highest
commendation) for their outstanding aerial combat
against the German Luftwaffe.
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Life on the Home Front

• -War Production Board
• industries were retooled to make war materials
• Industries turn to war production, esp. shipyards
  and defense plants
• -Scientists are mobilized
• radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb (Manhattan
  Project)
• Einstein warns Roosevelt of Germanys intention
  to create atomic bomb
• U.S. rushes to build one first
• -women stepped into many war jobs
• Rosie the Riveter
• 6 million women working symbolized women workers
  in the U.S.
• -Entertainment propaganda make Americans hate
  Germany
• -newsreels

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Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board industries were retooled
to make war materials -Scientists are
mobilized radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb
(Manhattan Project) -women stepped into many war
materials jobs Rosie the Riveter -Entertainmen
t propaganda
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Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board industries were retooled
to make war materials -Scientists are
mobilized radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb
(Manhattan Project) -women stepped into many war
materials jobs Rosie the Riveter -Entertainmen
t propaganda
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-War Production Board industries were retooled
to make war materials -Scientists are
mobilized radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb
(Manhattan Project) -women stepped into many war
materials jobs Rosie the Riveter -Entertainmen
t propaganda
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Government Control

• -Inflation controlled by price freezes
• Could not increase prices
• -many products rationed to conserve resources
• Ration books with coupons
• -income taxes increased
• Government wanted people to have less money to
  spend to conserve consumer products
• -War Bonds sold
• -Japanese Internment
• Executive Order 9066 all persons of Japanese
  descent living in the West sent to relocation
  centers
• Korematsu v. United States
• Justified internment as a mode of national
  defense
• discriminatory policy???

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On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed
an order requiring the removal of people of
Japanese ancestry from California and parts of
Washington, Oregon, and Arizona. Based on strong
recommendations from the military, he justified
this step as necessary for national security, In
the following weeks, the army rounded up some
110,000 Japanese Americans and shipped them to
ten hastily-constructed, remote relocation
centers, euphemisms for prison camps. No
specific charges were ever filed against the
Japanese Americans, and no evidence of subversion
was ever found. Faced with expulsion, terrified
families were forced to sell their homes,
businesses, and all their belongings for less
than their true value.
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After the war, the Japanese American Citizens
League pushed the government to compensate those
sent to the camps for their lost property. In
1965, Congress authorized the spending of 38
million for that purposeless than 1/10 of
Japanese Americans actual losses. In 1978, the
JACL called for the payment of reparations to
each individual that suffered internment. A
decade later, Ronald Reagan signed a bill that
promised 20,000 to every Japanese American sent
to a relocation camp. When they were mailed in
1990, a letter from George Bush accompanied them.
In them he stated, We can never fully right the
wrongs of the past. But we can take a clear
stand for justice and recognize that serious
injustices were done to the Japanese Americans
during World War II.