Plants

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Plants
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Common characteristics of plants

• Multicellular
• Eukaryote-organelles surrounded by a membrane
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Cuticle-waterproof coating
• Make own food (Photosynthesis)
• -First plants are thought to look like moss but
  it is unknown because plants dont leave fossils

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Plant Adaptations

• Plants have structures based on whether they live
  on water or land
• Ex. Plants on water dissolves their nutrients
  directly into cells
• Land plants absorb their nutrients by roots

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Plant structures

• Nearly all plants have a protective coating on
  outside called a cuticle- it helps to protect and
  conserve water
• The cuticle has openings on it called stomata
  (stoma) that are the place for exchange or gases
  (function allows carbon dioxide in and oxygen
  out)
• -The stomata open in day for photosynthesis and
  close at night, why?
• To conserve water (about 90 of water is lost
  through epidermis)

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Plant structures cont

• 3. Leaves- organs of photosynthesis
• A leaf is abroad organ of plants that trap light
  energy for photosynthesis
• It exchanges gases through stomata
• They grow toward sunlight called Phototropism

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• 4. Roots- Plant organ that
• 1. Absorbs water and minerals
• 2. Transports to the stem
• 3. Anchors the plant
• 5. Stem- Structure that connects roots to leaves,
  functions are
• 1. Provides structural support and upright
  growth
• 2. Transports food and water
• 3. Some store food (ex. Carrot)

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• There are two types of plants based on leaf type
• Evergreens- Keep some leaves on year round Ex.
  Pine
• Deciduous- All leaves fall off at certain time of
  year Ex. Oak, maple, most trees in our area

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All Plants Are Grouped Into Two Categories

• Vascular Plants- Have a vascular tissue
• -These plants have vessels that take food to and
  from the leaves allowing the plants to grow in
  height

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• 2. Nonvascular plants- no vascular tissue-these
  plants are usually one cell thick
• -They dont grow in height so they run along
  ground and absorb nutrients straight to the plant
  parts Ex. Mosses and liverworts

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There are two groups of vascular plants

• angiosperms-produce seeds by flowers
• Gymnosperms-produce seeds by cones
• Vascular plants include any plants that grow in
  height and width Ex. Flower, tree, shrub

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Plants are all from the Kingdom Plantae Some of
the divisions of plants (phyla) are

• Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts)- no vascular
  tissue
• -Must have a lot of moisture
• -Produce seed in spores
• 2. Pterophyta (ferns)- vascular tissue
• -Produce spores
• -Found in tropical climate

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Plant divisions cont

• 3. Cycad- (palm trees)-Vascular tissue
• -Have scaly trunk
• -Seeds in cones
• 4. Coniferophyta (Pines)-Vascular
• -Have seeds in cones and needle-like leaves

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Plant divisions cont

• 5. Anthophyta (flowering plants)-
• -Vascular
• -Largest group
• -Seeds are found in fruit only

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Anthophyta (flowering plants) is divided into 2
groups based on type of seeds

• 1. Monocot-stands for mono cotyledon
• -Seeds have 1 seed leaf
• (Ex. Grasses, orchids, lilies)
• -Leaves will have parallel veins
• 2. Dicot-stands for di cotyledon
• -Seeds have 2 seed leaves
• -leaves will be network with veins
• (Ex. Garden flowers, most trees)

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Why Are Seeds Important?

• Functions
• 1. They contain the embryo
• 2. supply food to embryo
• 3. protect embryo
• 4. Hard covering keeps the seed from drying out
  and
• 5. covering aids in dispersal of the seed

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Photosynthesis

• Process used by a plant to make its own
  foodoccurs in leaves!!
• Ingredients needed are Carbon Dioxide (CO2),
  water (H2O) and energy from sun
• Products are Oxygen (O2) and glucose (C6H12O6)

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• In leaves, the 1. carbon dioxide (enter thru
  stomata), 2. water (enters by roots) and
• 3. energy (strikes leaves by sunlight) combine
  to form 1. glucose (stays in plant) and 2. oxygen
  (released thru stomata to air)

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Equation for photosynthesis

• CO2H2Osuns energy? C6H12O6 02
• (glucose)
• We get our oxygen supply from plants because they
  produce it in photosynthesis!

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Respiration

• In order for organisms (like animals) to have
  energy for their cells to function, they must
• 1. ingest glucose from plants
• 2. convert it to a form of energy that their
  cells can use.
• The energy form that animal cells use is called
  ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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Respiration cont

• The process of converting glucose to ATP is
  called respiration (burning of glucose)
• It occurs in the mitochondria of cells
• Equation of respiration
• O2C6H12O6?CO2H2OATP (energy)

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• Vascular plants- Have vascular tissue (vessels)
  that carry nutrients up and down plant
• -includes all plants that grow in height

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Parts of the vascular tissue

• Xylem-transports water and minerals from root to
  leaves
• Phloem- Transports sugars from leaves to other
  parts of plant
• Both structures extend from root tip through
  stem to leaves

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Vascular plants are divided into 2 groups

• Gymnosperms 2.Angiosperms
• Produce seeds in cones Produce seeds in fruit
• Ex. Pines, palm trees (Produce flowers)
• Most are evergreens Fruit-Flesh around a
  seed includes most plants
• Most are deciduous
• Both types have seeds-
• hard coat around the embryo

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Some adaptations of flowering plants

• -During droughts, cold, and limited sunlight,
  roots and stems store food
• 3 Ways They Store Food
• Bulb- short stem enclosed in a fleshy leaf base
  ex. Onion
• Corm- short thickened underground stem that is
  not in a fleshy leaf base
• Tuber- swollen root or stem with buds that sprout
  to form new leaves
• -Each eye develops a shoot (ex. Potato)

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Lifecycles of Flowering Plants

• 1. Annual-Live 1 year only (Ex. Corn/Wheat)
• -1. sprout, 2. grow, 3. reproduce
• 4. die in 1 year
• -Most are herbaceous-no woody material
• 2. Biennial-Complete life cycle in 2 years
• (Ex. Carrot/turnips)
• 1st year- grow leaves and roots/above ground
  part dies back in winter
• 2nd year- produce new shoots, reproduce (make
  flowers seeds), die
• 3. Perennial-Take several years
• -Produce flowers and seeds periodically

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Why do flowering plants produce fruit?

• They protect and nourish the seed