Terrestrial Adaptations - living on land poses different problems from living in water

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Chapter 16 - Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land

• Terrestrial Adaptations - living on land poses
  different problems from living in water
• Plants require structural specializations
• Roots and shoots
• Shoots
• Leaves photosynthesis and gas exchange
• Stems transport water up and sap down
• Roots absorb water and dissolved minerals..

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Whole alga performs Photosynthesis absorbs
water, CO2, and minerals from the water
Alga
Surrounding water supports the alga
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• True root, stems, and leaves have vascular tissue
  that form veins in the tissues.
• Xylem transports water and minerals through
  dead cells that form straws in the tissue
• Phloem living cells that transport sap (sugars
  in water) throughout the plant..

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Plant Diversity
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• Nonvascular Plants Bryophytes
• No vascular tissue, must be low to ground, live
  in moist areas, no true roots, stems, or leaves
• Mosses the most familiar..

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• Plants, including mosses, have two distinct
  versions of the plant

• The gametophyte, which produces gametes
• The sporophyte, which produces spores
• (phyte plant)..

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• The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation
  of generations

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Seedless Vascular Plants - Ferns

• Have vascular tissue true roots, stems, and
  leaves do not produce seeds have flagellated
  sperm that swim to ovule

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Seed Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Seed embryonic plant with food supply packaged
in a protective coat..
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Gymnosperms - Conifers

• Most all are evergreens produce seed cones and
  pollen cones sporophyte generation is more
  prominent than the gametophyte generation..

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• Pollen grain
• Is actually the much-reduced male gametophyte
• Fertilizes the female gametophyte
• Ovule
• Contain the female gametophyte
• Will develop into the seed..

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• Angiosperms
• Supply nearly all our food and much of our fiber
  for textiles
• More efficient water transport and the evolution
  of the flower help account for the success of the
  angiosperms

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• A characteristic of angiosperms is double
  fertilization
• One sperm nucleus fertilizes and egg in the
  female gametophyte zygote
• One sperm nucleus fertilizes another cell in the
  female gametophyte (not the egg) endosperm
• This synchronizes the development of the embryo
  and the food reserves. The entire ovule develops
  in to a seed.

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Life cycle of Angiosperms
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• The dominant stage of the angiosperms is a
  sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers

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• Flower
• Sepals outer whorl of modified leaves
  protection
• Petals second whorl of modified leaves bright,
  showy attract pollinators
• Stamen anther filament produces pollen the
  male gametophyte
• Pistil stigma, style, ovary with ovules
  ovules contain the female gametophyte
• Fruit ripened ovary usually containing seeds..