Earth

1
Earths Physical Geography

• Chapter 2

2
Lesson 1 Objectives

• Learn about Earths movement in relation to the
  sun.
• Explore seasons and latitude.

3
Earth and the Sun

• Earth, the sun, the planets, and the stars in the
  sky are part of a galaxy, or family of stars.
• Our galaxy is the Milky Way
• Earth orbits around the sun.
• The path one body makes as it circles around
  another.
• It takes 365 ¼ days to complete one revolution.
• A circular motion.

4
Understanding Days and Nights

• The Earth also turns around an axis.
• An imaginary line running through Earth between
  the North and South poles.
• Each rotation, or complete turn, takes about 24
  hours.

5
Time Zones

• The Earth is divided into 24 times zones.
• Time zones are one hour apart.
• The sun rises in the east, so the day starts
  earlier in the east.

6
Seasons and Latitude

• Spring equinox
• March 21
• Sun is directly over the Equator
• Summer solstice
• June 21
• Sun directly over the Tropic of Cancer

• Autumnal equinox
• September 23
• Sun directly over the Equator
• Winter solstice
• December 21
• Sun directly over the Tropic of Capricorn

7
The Revolution of Earth
8
Latitudes

• Low latitudes
• Areas between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic
  of Capricorn
• Middle latitudes
• Areas between the low latitudes and high
  latitudes
• Also called temperate zones
• High latitudes
• Areas above the Arctic Circle and below the
  Antarctic Circle
• Also called polar zones

9
Lesson 1 Objectives

• Learn about Earths movement in relation to the
  sun.
• Explore seasons and latitude.

10

• ASSIGNMENT!!!

11
Lesson 2 Objectives

• Learn about the planet Earth.
• Explore the forces inside Earth.
• Explore the forces on Earths surface.

12
What Is Earth Made Of?

• The Core
• A sphere of very hot metal at the center of Earth
• The Mantle
• A thick, hot, rocky layer around the core
• The Crust
• The thin layer of rock and minerals that
  surrounds the mantle

13
Water and Air

• Air
• Oxygen to people and animals
• Carbon dioxide to plants
• Water
• Covers 70 of the Earths surface
• 97 of water is salt water
• 3 is fresh water

14
Forces Inside Earth

• Volcanoes
• Intense heat causes rock to rise toward the
  surface
• Magma
• Soft, nearly molten rock
• Earthquakes
• When two plates push together, the crust cracks
  and splinters from the pressure
• Plates
• Huge blocks of Earths crust

15
Forces on Earths Surface

• Weathering
• A process that breaks rocks down into tiny pieces
• Caused by water, ice, and living things
• Erosion
• The removal of small pieces of rock
• Caused by water, ice, and wind

16
Lesson 2 Objectives

• Learn about the planet Earth.
• Explore the forces inside Earth.
• Explore the forces on Earths surface.

17

• ASSIGNMENT!!!

18
Lesson 3 Objectives

• Learn about weather and climate.
• Explore latitude, landforms, and precipitation.
• Discover how oceans affect climate.

19
Weather or Climate?

• Weather
• Condition of the air and sky from day to day
• What people see from day to day

• Climate
• The average weather over many years
• What usually happens from year to year

20
Weather

• Weather is mainly measure by two things
• Precipitation
• Water that falls to the ground as rain, sleet,
  hail, or snow
• Temperature
• How hot or cold the air is

21
Why Climates Vary

• Climate depends on location
• Places in the low latitudes have hot climates
  because they get direct sunlight.
• Places in the high latitudes have cold climates
  because their sunlight is indirect.
• Mountains also affect climates.

22
Oceans and Currents
23
Cooling and Warming Effects

• Water takes longer to heat or cool than land.
• In summer, a region near an ocean or lake will be
  cool than an inland area.
• In the winter, places near lakes and oceans are
  warmer than inland areas

24
Raging Storms

• Tropical cyclones
• Intense wind and rain storms that form over
  oceans in the tropics
• Hurricanes
• Tropical storms that form over the Atlantic Ocean
• Tornadoes
• Blizzards

25
Lesson 3 Objectives

• Learn about weather and climate.
• Explore latitude, landforms, and precipitation.
• Discover how oceans affect climate.

26

• ASSIGNMENT!!!

27
Lesson 4 Objectives

• Investigate the relationship between climate and
  vegetation.
• Explore Earths vegetation regions.
• Study vertical climate zones.

28
Climate and Vegetation

• Five broad types of climates
• Tropical
• Dry
• Temperate marine
• Temperate continental
• Polar
• Based on vegetation
• Plants that grow in a region

29
Climates

• Tropical
• Tropical wet year-round rainfall
• Tropical dry one rainy season, one dry season
• Dry
• Very hot summers, mild winters, very little rain
• Temperate Continental
• Summers are hot, winters can be very cold

• Temperate Marine
• Mediterranean
• Marine west coast
• Humid subtropical
• Polar
• Cold all year long
• Tundra an area near the Arctic Circle with cold
  climate and low-lying vegetation

30
Earths Vegetation Regions

• Tropical Rain Forest
• Tropical Savanna
• Desert
• Desert Scrub
• Mediterranean Vegetation
• Temperate Grassland

• Deciduous Forest
• Coniferous and Mixed Forest
• Tundra
• Highland
• Ice Cap and Pack Ice

31
Vertical Climate Zones

• Mountains have vertical climate zones
• Climate and vegetation depend on elevation.
• The higher you go, the colder it gets.
• The higher you go, the less vegetation you see.

32
Lesson 4 Objectives

• Investigate the relationship between climate and
  vegetation.
• Explore Earths vegetation regions.
• Study vertical climate zones.

33

• ASSIGNMENT!!!