AP Biology

1
AP Biology

• Endocrine Systems

2
Signal Transduction Pathway
3
Kinases turn on processesPhosphotases turn
off processes
4
Basic Hormone Pattern
Pathway
Example
Low blood glucose
Stimulus
Receptor protein
Pancreas secretes glucagon ( )
Endocrine cell
Blood vessel
Target effectors
Liver
Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood
Response
Simple endocrine pathway
5
Remember the hands on cell membranes? (In GREEN)
6
LE 45-7
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Axon
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
HORMONE
ADH
Mammary glands, uterine muscles
Kidney tubules
TARGET
7
CytokinesIL 1 Macrophage to Helper TIL2
Helper T to B or Cytotoxic T
8
Polar versus Non-polar HormoneSignal Reception
SECRETORY CELL
SECRETORY CELL
Hormone molecule
Hormone molecule
VIA BLOOD
VIA BLOOD
Signal receptor
TARGET CELL
TARGET CELL
Signal transduction pathway
Signal receptor
OR
Cytoplasmic response
DNA
Signal transduction and response
mRNA
DNA
NUCLEUS
Nuclear response
Synthesis of specific proteins
NUCLEUS
Receptor in plasma membrane
Receptor in cell nucleus
9
Examples of Negative Feedback Loops
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior pituitary
TSH
Thyroid
T3
T4
10
Positive Feedback Loop
11
Tropic Hormones of the PosteriorPituitary
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Axon
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
HORMONE
ADH
Mammary glands, uterine muscles
Kidney tubules
TARGET
12
Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating
hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH,
thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH,
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Nontropic Effects Only Prolactin MSH,
melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endorphin
Portal vessels
Nontropic and Tropic Effects Growth hormone
Hypothalamic releasing hormones (red dots)
Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary
Pituitary hormones (blue dots)
Endorphin
Growth hormone
MSH
Prolactin
ACTH
TSH
FSH and LH
HORMONE
Pain receptors in the brain
Bones
Liver
Melanocytes
Mammary glands
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid
Testes or ovaries
TARGET